Abstract
To gain new insights into the complex evolutionary history of Brassica rapa, we investigated the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated populations from an unexplored area in its center of origin (Mediterranean basin). These populations were collected in Algeria, which presents a wide ecogeographic range and an exceptional bioclimatic gradient. We wanted to answer the following questions: (1) Were the local landraces domesticated from the local wild forms? (2) Do these populations offer a new diversity never described? (3) How is this diversity related to B. napus? Morphological traits and SSR markers were analysed to explore the genetic diversity among 18 Algerian B. rapa accessions that were compared to those previously analysed in this species and to B. napus varieties. Among worldwide B. rapa diversity, the wild and cultivated Algerian groups showed the highest allelic richness, suggesting that breeding has not significantly eroded genetic diversity in Algerian local landraces. Wild and cultivated B. rapa accessions from Algeria formed two clusters regardless of their local geographic origin and were distinct from all the B. rapa groups already described. Surprisingly, B. napus accessions clustered either with wild Algerian group or with the group containing mainly Asian accessions. This new diversity will be of high interest for B. rapa and B. napus breeding.
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The bioclimatic zones are those established by Stewart (1974). (Color figure online)
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, the team Biosystematics, Genetics and Evolution, Algiers and the French National Research Institute for Agronomy (INRA). The present work was financially supported by Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the framework of the Accord-Programme of the Algerian-French Convention CMEP-TASSILI (16MDU952). The work described in this manuscript was performed partly within the framework of the project COREBRAS funded by Promosol. We acknowledge the Genetic Resource Center (BrACySol, UMR IGEPP, Ploudaniel, France) for providing seeds and the staff for their technical assistance in greenhouses and in the lab (especially L. Charlon, P. Rolland, J.P. Constantin, J.M. Lucas and F. Letertre, S. Guichard). We thank O. Kherabi for assistance in collecting plants and seeds from Algerian localities. We also thank the UMR INRA 1095 ‘GENTYANE platform’ (Clermont-Ferrand, France, http://gentyane.clermont.inra.fr/) for the generation of SSR genotyping data.
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Table S1 B. rapa accessions corresponding to the worldwide set, defined as set 2 in the “Materials and methods” part. These accessions correspond to the core collection defined by Zhao et al. (2005) in order to represent the Brassica rapa genetic diversity. The geographic origin (America, Europe, West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, East Asia, South East Asia) as well as the country of origin of each accession are presented. (DOCX 41 kb)
10681_2018_2318_MOESM4_ESM.pptx
Figure S1 FISH analyses of somatic metaphase chromosomes revealing 10 or 8 35S loci from cultivated accessions (BRY (A), BRL (B) and wild populations (BRC (C), BRE (D)), respectively. FISH was carried out using 35S rDNA (red signals and orange stars). Chromosomes were counterstained with DAPI (white). Scale bar 5 µm. Abbreviations of the accessions are given in Table 1. (PPTX 17052 kb)
10681_2018_2318_MOESM5_ESM.pptx
Figure S2 Molecular phylogeny of Brassiceae based on the chloroplast ndhC-trnV intergenic spacer (data matrix: 866 bp) using the maximum Likelihood method (Tamura 3 parameter) with MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al. 2016). The chloroplast data sequences obtained in this study for sets 1, 3 and 4 are indicated in bold and are underlined. The other sequences were retrieved from the chloroplast genome sequences of the accessions described in Li et al. (2017). The bootstrap percentages (1000 replicates) are shown above the branches. The tree is rooted using B. carinata and B. nigra that belongs to the nigra clade. (PPTX 83 kb)
10681_2018_2318_MOESM6_ESM.pptx
Figure S3 Plot of first and third principal components showing relationships between all B. rapa Algerian accessions tested on the basis of the morphological traits. (A) Phenotypic variation of the wild and cultivated accessions. (B) Contribution of the different traits to the phenotypic variation. Algerian B. rapa wild (BRA, BRC, BRD, BRE, BRF, BRJ, BRH, BRO, BRZ) and cultivated (BRI, BRL, BRN, BRM, BRR, BRT, BRY) accessions are represented in green and blue, respectively. (PPTX 87 kb)
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Aissiou, F., Laperche, A., Falentin, C. et al. A novel Brassica rapa L. genetic diversity found in Algeria. Euphytica 214, 241 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2318-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2318-9