Abstract
Controlling phosphorous (P) loads from rice fields is important for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems, in part because P is relatively concentrated at its sources. Recently, winter flooding, by which irrigation water is maintained in rice fields during winter, has attracted much attention as a farming strategy for environmental conservation and biodiversity maintenance. However, the effects of winter flooding on nutrient cycles have received little research attention. We evaluated the effects of winter flooding on P loads in rice fields by performing laboratory experiments with soils from rice fields with/without winter flooding. These incubation experiments showed that total and soluble reactive P concentrations in surface solutions are decreased by winter flooding. This decrease may follow co-precipitation of P with iron, which may be dissolved from winter flooded soil and rapidly precipitates in solution. Periphyton, which may increase during winter flooding, may not contribute to this decrease because puddling resets periphyton quantities on surface soils. P loads from rice fields with winter flooding over 16 days after fertilization could be reduced by an average of 26% compared with those without winter flooding, indicating that winter flooding is a valuable strategy for reducing P loads in spring when high P loads occur.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asano S, Wakita K, Saizen I, Ishida T, Okuda N (2018) Advancement of biodiversity conservation activities with detecting local environmenal icons. J Rural Plann 37:150–156
Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8:559–568. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641247
Day PR (1965) Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. Method of Soil Analysis, Part 1. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 547–567
Dodds WK (2003) The role of periphyton in phosphorus retention in shallow freshwater aquatic systems. J Phycol 39:840–849. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02081.x
Fitzgerald GJ, Scow KM, Hill JE (2000) Fallow season straw and water management effects on methane emissions in California rice. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:767–776. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001259
Hua L, Liu J, Zhai L, Xi B, Zhang F, Wang H, Liu H, Chen A, Fu B (2017) Risks of phosphorus runoff losses from five chinese paddy soils under conventional management practices. Agr Ecosyst Environ 245:112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.015
Huang W, Cai W, Huang H, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Tay JH, Lee DJ (2015) Identification of inorganic and organic species of phosphorus and its bio-availability in nitrifying aerobic granular sludge. Water Res 68:423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.054
Hupfer M, Gächter R, Giovanoli R (1995) Transformation of phosphorus species in settling seston and during early sediment diagenesis. Aquat Sci 57:305–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878395
Inubushi K, Wada H, Takai Y (1982) Variation of chlorophyll a concentration in paddy soil (in Japanese). Jpn Soc Soil Sci Plant Nutr 53:277–282. https://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.53.4_277
Ishida T, Uehara Y, Iwata T, Cid-Andres AP, Asano S, Ikeya T, Osaka K et al (2019) Identification of phosphorus sources in a watershed using a phosphate oxygen isoscape approach. Environ Sci Technol 53:4707–4716. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05837
JIS (1993) Testing Method for Industrial Wastewater, JIS K 0102. Japan Standard Association, Tokyo
Kagatsume T. (2012) Water conservation policy of shiga prefectural government. In Hiroya Kawanabe, Machiko Nishino, and Masayoshi Maehata (ed) Lake Biwa: Interactions between Nature and People. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 423–427. doi: 10.1007/978–94–007–1783–1
Kim K, Kim B, Eum J, Seo B, Shope C, Peiffer S (2018) Impacts of land use change and summer monsoon on nutrients and sediment exports from an agricultural catchment. Water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050544
Kudo Y, Noborio K, Shimoozono N, Kurihara R, Minami H (2017) Greenhouse gases emission from paddy soil during the fallow season with and without winter flooding in central japan. Paddy Water Environ 15:217–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-016-0523-5
Kögel-Knabner I, Amelung W, Cao Z, Fiedler S, Frenzel P, Jahn R, Kalbitz K, Kölbl A, Schloter M (2010) Biogeochemistry of paddy soils. Geoderma 157:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.03.009
Li JY, Deng KY, Hesterberg D, Xia YQ, Wu CX, Xu RK (2017) Mechanisms of enhanced inorganic phosphorus accumulation by periphyton in paddy fields as affected by calcium and ferrous ions. Sci Total Environ 609:466–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.117
Liu J, Luo X, Zhang N, Yonghong Wu (2016) “Phosphorus released from sediment of Dianchi lake and its effect on growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:16321–16328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6816-9
Makiyama M, Tsukamoto T (2006) The process of cooperation between winter-flooded rice field and no-tillege rice farming, and foresight of this culture. J Agricul Eng Soc Japan 74:719–722
Mao Y, Yang S, Yue Q, Wang W (2016) Theoretical and experimental study of the mechanisms of phosphate removal in the system containing Fe(III)-ions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:24265–24276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7672-3
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) (2018) Statistical Handbook of Japan
Murphy JA, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 27:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5
Okubo T, Sato Y, Azuma Y (2014) Pollution loadings of paddy fields during irrigation period including runoff by rain events (in Japanese). J Japan Soc Water Environ 37:229–237
R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/
Reddy KR, Kadlec RH, Flaig E, Gale PM (1999) Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 29:83–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389991259182
Reynolds CS, Davies PS (2001) Sources and bioavailability of phosphorus fractions in freshwaters: a British perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 76:27–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00058.x
Scinto LJ, Reddy KR (2003) Biotic and abiotic uptake of phosphorus by periphyton in a subtropical freshwater wetland. Aquat Bot 77:203–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(03)00106-2
Sharpley A (2016) Managing Agricultural phosphorus to minimize water quality impacts. Scientia Agricola 73:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0107
Sharpley AN, Herron S, Daniel T (2007) Overcoming the challenges of phosphorus-based management in poultry farming. J Soil Water Conserv 62:375–389
Soil Survey Staff (2010) Keys to soil taxonomy. Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Somura H, Masunaga T, Mori Y, Takeda I, Ide JI, Sato H (2015) Estimation of nutrient input by a migratory bird, the Tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus), to winter-flooded paddy fields. Agr Ecosyst Environ 199:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.07.018
Suzuki R, Ishimaru T (1990) An improved method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll using n, n-dimethylformamide. J Oceanogr 46:190–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02125580
Takada MB, Takagi S, Iwabuchi S, Mineta T, Washitani I (2014) Comparison of generalist predators in winter-flooded and conventionally managed rice paddies and identification of their limiting factors. SpringerPlus 3:418. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-418
Takamura Y, Tabuchi Y, Suzuki S, Harigae Y, Ueno T, Kubota H (1976) The fates and balance sheets of fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus applied to a rice paddy field in the Kasumigaura basin (in Japanese). Japanese Soc Soil Sci Plant Nutr 47:398–405. https://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.47.9_398
Tarapchak SJ, Rubitschun C (1981) Comparisons of soluble reactive phosphorus and orthophosphorus concentrations at an offshore station in Southern Lake Michigan. J Great Lakes Res 7:290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(81)72057-4
Udo A, Jiku F, Okubo T, Nakamura M (2000) Mass Balances of water and nutrients in a paddy field (in Japanese). J Japan Soc Water Environ 23:298–304. https://doi.org/10.2965/jswe.23.298
Woodruff SL, House WA, Callow ME, Leadbeater BS (1999) The effects of biofilms on chemical processes in surficial sediments. Freshw Biol 41:73–89. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00387.x
Yamada Y, Igeta A, Nakashima S, Mito Y, Ogasahara T, Wada S, Ohno T, Ueda A, Hyodo F, Imada M, Yachi S (2006) The runoff of suspended, substances, nitrogen, and phosphorus by enforced draining during the ploughing season experiments in paddy fields. Jpn J Limnol 67:105–112. https://doi.org/10.3739/rikusui.67.105
Yi R, Song P, Liu X, Maruo M, Ban S (2019) Differences in dissolved phosphate in shallow-lake waters as determined by spectrophotometry and ion chromatography. Limnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-019-00574-2
Zhou W, Lin S, Wu L, Zhao J, Wang M, Zhu B, Mo Y, Hu R, Chadwick D, Shaaban M (2017) Substantial N2O emission during the initial period of the wheat season due to the conversion of winter-flooded paddy to rice-wheat rotation. Atmos Environ 170:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.021
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the RIHN Project (Grant No. D06-14200119) and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K15723. We thank to the Kosaji Environmental Conservation Committee for introducing sampling paddies and supporting the sampling. The experiments comply with the current laws of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Handling Editor: Tomoya Iwata.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ishida, T., Uehara, Y., Ikeya, T. et al. Effects of winter flooding on phosphorus dynamics in rice fields. Limnology 21, 403–413 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-020-00621-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-020-00621-3