Abstract
A process-oriented investigation of phosphate removal by ferric salt was carried out in this study. The kinetics of amorphous ferric phosphate (FePO4(s)) formation has been investigated over the pH range of 6.0–8.0 using sulfosalicylic acid as a competitive ligand. The FePO4(s) formation rate constants varied in a narrow range over the pH range examined in this study. And the maximum of (0.90 ± 0.11) × 104 L mol−1 s−1 was obtained at pH 7.5 and the minimum value of (0.05 ± 0.01) × 104 L mol−1 s−1 was obtained at pH 6.0. These values are two orders of magnitude lower than the rate constants for Fe(III) hydrolysis-precipitation, and hence, the extent of FePO4(s) formation when ferric ions are added to aqueous solution is extremely low. Subsequently, the characteristics of the amorphous ferric oxide (AFO) with different ages were investigated, and it was found that the BET surface area, the average pore width, and the charge capacitance were various for different AFO with various ages. Phosphate adsorption by AFO was significantly affected by AFO aging and the manner of adding Fe(III), which was successfully described by a diffuse layer model. By using surface sites concentration obtained, the kinetics constant of AFO aging could be calculated by a functional equation at a certain pH and time.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APHA (2005) Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. APHA, Washington
Blesa MA, Matijević E (1989) Phase transformations of iron oxides, oxohydroxides, and hydrous oxides in aqueous media. Adv Colloid inerface 29:173–221
Conidi D, Parker WJ (2015) The effect of solids residence time on phosphorus adsorption to hydrous ferric oxide floc. Water Res 84:323–332
Dzombak DA, Morel F (1990) Surface complexation modeling: hydrous ferric oxide. Wiley, New York
Ferreira SS, Marguti AL, Piveli RP (2008) Physical-chemical process optimization for phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater by chemical precipitation with ferric chloride. Eng Sanit Ambient 13:395–404
Fytianos K, Voudrias E, Raikos N (1998) Modelling of phosphorus removal from aqueous and wastewater samples using ferric iron. Environ Pollut 101:123–130
Galarneau E, Gehr R (1997) Phosphorus removal from wastewaters: experimental and theoretical support for alternative mechanisms. Water Res 31:328–338
Grundl T, Delwiche J (1993) Kinetics of ferric oxyhydroxide precipitation. J Contam Hydrol 14:71–87
Gustafsson, J.P. (2012) Visual MINTEQ version 3.0. KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. URL http://vminteq.lwr.kth.se/
Gustafsson JP, Dässman E, Bäckström M (2009) Towards a consistent geochemical model for prediction of uranium(VI) removal from groundwater by ferrihydrite. Applied Geochem 24:454–462
Hauduc H, Takács I, Smith S, Szabo A, Murthy S, Daigger GT, Spérandio M (2015) A dynamic physicochemical model for chemical phosphorus removal. Water Res 73:157–170
Hiemstra T, Riemsdijk WHV (2009) A surface structural model for ferrihydrite I: sites related to primary charge, molar mass, and mass density. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 73:4423–4436
Hiemstra T, VanRiemsdijk WH (1996) A surface structural approach to ion adsorption: the charge distribution (CD) model. J Colloid Interf Sci 179:488–508
Joko I (1985) Phosphorus removal from wastewater by the crystallization method. Water Sci Technol 17:121–132
Kandegedara A, Rorabacher DB (1999) Noncomplexing tertiary amines as “better” buffers covering the range of pH 3–11. Temperature dependence of their acid dissociation constants. Anal Chem 71:3140–3144
Luedecke C, Hermanowicz SW, Jenkins D (1989) Precipitation of ferric phosphate in activated-sludge—a chemical-model and its verification. Water Sci Technol 21:325–337
Mao Y, Ninh Pham A, Xin Y, David Waite T (2012) Effects of pH, floc age and organic compounds on the removal of phosphate by pre-polymerized hydrous ferric oxides. Sep Purif Technol 91:38–45
Morel FMM, Hering JG (1993) Principles and applications of aquatic chemistry. Wiley, New York
Morin M, Pâris MR, Scharff JP (1971) Etude potentiometrique et spectrophotometr̀ique de la complexation des ions ferriques par l'acide sulfo-5-salicylique. Anal Chim Acta 57:123–129
Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 27:31–36
Pham AN (2007) Kinetics and mechanism of various iron transformations in natural waters at circumneutral pH. University of New South Wales
Pham AN, Rose AL, Feitz AJ, Waite TD (2006) Kinetics of Fe(III) precipitation in aqueous solutions at pH 6.0–9.5 and 25 degrees C. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 70:640–650
Pierri E, Tsamouras D, Dalas E (2000) Ferric phosphate precipitation in aqueous media. J Cryst Growth 213:93–98
Rose AL, Waite TD (2003a) Kinetics of iron complexation by dissolved natural organic matter in coastal waters. Mar Chem 84:85–103
Rose AL, Waite TD (2003b) Kinetics of hydrolysis and precipitation of ferric iron in seawater. Environ Sci Technol 37:3897–3903
Salvadó V, Ribas X, Valiente M (1990) The chemistry of iron in biosystems—IV. Complex formation between iron(III) and 5-sulphosalicylic acid, in aqueous solution. Polyhedron 9:2675–2679
Sisk L, Benefield L, Reed B (1987) Ortho-phosphate removal from a synthetic waste-water using lime, alum, and ferric-chloride. Separ Sci Technol 22:1471–1501
Sleiman N (2015) Role of iron oxidation byproducts in the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. RSC Advances 6:1627–1636
Smith S, Takacs I, Murthy S, Daigger GT, Szabo A (2008) Phosphate complexation model and its implications for chemical phosphorus removal. Water Environ. Res. 80:428–438
Stumm W, Morgan JJ (2012) Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters, 126. Wiley
Stumm W, Sigg L (1979) Colloid-chemical basis of phosphate removal by chemical precipitation, coagulation and filtration. Zeitschrift Fur Wasser Und Abwasser Forschung 12:73–83
Szabó A, Takács I, Murthy S, Daigger GT, Licskó I, Smith S (2008) Significance of design and operational variables in chemical phosphorus removal. Water Environ Res A Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation 80:407–416
Szabo A, Takacs I, Murthy S, Daigger GT, Licsko I, Smith S (2008) Significance of design and operational variables in chemical phosphorus removal. Water Environ Res 80:407–416
Takacs I, Murthy S, Fairlamb PM (2005) Chemical phosphorus removal model based on equilibrium chemistry. Water Sci Technol 52:549–555
Thistleton J, Berry TA, Pearce P, Parsons SA (2002) Mechanisms of chemical phosphorus removal II—iron(III) salts. Process Saf Environ 80:265–269
Zhang T, Ding LL, Ren HQ, Guo ZT, Tan J (2010) Thermodynamic modeling of ferric phosphate precipitation for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 176:444–450
Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (21307075).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by: Santiago V. Luis
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 3373 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mao, Y., Yang, S., Yue, Q. et al. Theoretical and experimental study of the mechanisms of phosphate removal in the system containing Fe(III)-ions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 24265–24276 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7672-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7672-3