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New Directions in Using Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry. 1: Liquid–Liquid Extraction

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Abstract

The first part of the review presents general information and brief historical notes about ionic liquids (ILs) along with various versions of microextraction preconcentration using ILs: single-drop extraction, membrane extraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, in situ ionic liquid-based dispersive microextraction, etc. A review of papers on the extraction of metal ions and organic compounds in ILs for chemical analysis is presented. Aqueous biphasic systems based on ILs immiscible with water and salting-out agents are described; examples of such systems, their advantages, and factors affecting phase separation are considered.

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Notes

  1. There are interesting examples of very low-melting inorganic ILs. Thus, a quinary eutectic, a mixture of lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium nitrates with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate in a molar ratio of 3 : 2 : 6 : 6 : 3, melts at 65°C [2]. Possibly, in would be logical in some cases to consider crystalline hydrates of inorganic salts as ILs [3]. It has been shown recently [4] that zinc chloride trihydrate ZnCl2 · 3H2O, melting at 6°C, is an IL consisting of \({\text{Zn}}({\text{O}}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}})_{6}^{{2 + }}\) cations and \({\text{ZnCl}}_{4}^{{2 - }}\) anions.

  2. Note that the determination of the degree of ionicity of an IL is a not a trivial task; the result depends on the measurement method and on the assumptions taken in the interpretation of the results. Let us present an interesting example. For a widespread IL C1C4ImTf2N, Watanabe with coworkers estimated the degree of free ions at ~60% [10], whereas, according to Israelachvili with coworkers [11] it was much lower than 1%. The discussion of this notable example can be found in the next papers [12, 13].

  3. Another practically important example of liquids obtained from solid salts on an addition of some more components is provided by the so-called “deep eutectic solvents” (DES), which were first obtained by Abbott with coworkers from choline chloride and such additives as urea or glycerol [17] and are actively investigated.

  4. As usually, for each rule we can find exceptions and refinements. Thus, some ILs, in particular, popular dialkylimidazolium bistriflimide, are sufficiently volatile and can be distilled at 200‒300°C and low pressure [24], so that ion pairs, i.e., associates rather than ions pass to the gas phase [25]. In the case of “protic” ionic liquids, for example ethylammonium nitrate, neutral molecules of the parental amine and acid can be volatile [26], as in the classic example of NH4Cl.

  5. The number of works on analytical chemistry is slightly underestimated: Web of Science refers to works in one or another area being guided by the list of specialized journals; as a result, articles printed in such journals as Chemical Communications, Green Chemistry, Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, etc. are not taken into account by this statistics.

  6. The word “vials,” which entered present-day chemical language as semi-slangy, has an exact, but unfortunately outdated and, therefore, not used sound equivalent “phial” (Greek phiale).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    I. V. Pletnev, S. V. Smirnova & N. V. Shvedene

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  1. I. V. Pletnev
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  2. S. V. Smirnova
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Pletnev, I.V., Smirnova, S.V. & Shvedene, N.V. New Directions in Using Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry. 1: Liquid–Liquid Extraction. J Anal Chem 74, 625–658 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934819070062

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