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Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Fundamental Problems and Practical Approaches

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Abstract

In this review, we present the data on the natural occurrence of chitin and its partially or fully deacetylated derivative chitosan, as well as their properties, methods of modification, and potential applications of derivatives with bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant activities. The structure and physicochemical characteristics of the polymers, their functions, and features of chitin microbial synthesis and degradation, including the processes occurring in nature, are described. New data on the hydrolytic microorganisms capable of chitin degradation under extreme conditions are presented. Special attention is focused on the effect of physicochemical characteristics of chitosan, including molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, polydispersity index, and number of amino group derivatives (quaternized, succinyl, etc.) on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of modified polymers that can be of particular interest for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Analysis of the available literature data confirms the importance of fundamental research to broaden our knowledge on the occurrence of chitin and chitosan in nature, their role in global biosphere cycles, and prospects of applied research aimed at using chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives in various aspects of human activity.

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Abbreviations

AAPH:

2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihy-drochloride

ABTS:

2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

DA:

degree of acetylation

DD:

degree of deacetylation

DPPH:

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

DQ:

degree of quaternization

DS:

degree of substitution

EC50 :

minimum effective concentration causing 50% inhibition of mycelial growth

GI:

germination index

GTMAC:

gly-cidyltrimethylammonium chloride

Ip:

polydispersity index

MFC:

minimum fungicidal concentration

MIC:

minimum inhibitory concentration

MM:

molecular mass

QAG:

quaternary ammonium group

QCS:

quaternized chitosan

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

TMC:

N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan

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Funding

Funding. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 18-015-00402-a).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312, Moscow, Russia

    V. P. Varlamov, A. V. Il’ina, B. Ts. Shagdarova & A. P. Lunkov

  2. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312, Moscow, Russia

    I. S. Mysyakina

Authors
  1. V. P. Varlamov
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  2. A. V. Il’ina
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  3. B. Ts. Shagdarova
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  4. A. P. Lunkov
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  5. I. S. Mysyakina
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. P. Varlamov.

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Compliance with ethical norms. This article does not contain description of studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest in financial or any other area.

Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Uspekhi Biologicheskoi Khimii, 2020, Vol. 60, pp. 317-368.

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Varlamov, V.P., Il’ina, A.V., Shagdarova, B.T. et al. Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Fundamental Problems and Practical Approaches. Biochemistry Moscow 85 (Suppl 1), 154–176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920140084

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920140084

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