Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants are facing different kinds of biotic stress, and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) are among the dreadful pathogens which not only affect the growth of plants but also have a negative impact on the total yield. Nematode population management is a major issue since the chemicals used as nematicides have a harmful influence on the environment and mankind’s health. Among several eco-friendly strategies, the usage of vermicompost has been shown to be effective in the management of nematodes. The main aim of the present study was to design an eco-friendly approach for the management of nematodes. In the present study, the effect of vermicompost was evaluated for such a purpose. Variable quantities of vermicompost (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) (w/w) and soil were placed in clay pots after completely mixing and grinding to investigate its pesticidal abilities against M. incognita in tomato plants. After 45 days of nematode infestation, several morphological aspects were assessed, including lengths of root and shoot along with their fresh weight, number of galls, and leaves. Protein content, antioxidative enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, guaiacol peroxidase), non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherol content), stress markers (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide content), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content), osmolyte (proline) content, and secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin content) were all assessed in addition to growth variables. The findings of the preceding experiments showed a considerable rise in all morphological, biochemical, and photosynthetic parameters with the exception of stress markers, which were found to be reduced after the application of vermicompost in a concentration-dependent manner when compared to nematode-infected and untreated plants. The present study revealed that vermicompost has a high potential as a biopesticide against M. incognita because it reduces oxidative stress and promotes tomato plant growth and development by modifying the level of bioactive phyto-constituents. This is the first study in which tomato plant growth and phyto-constituents levels were evaluated by supplementing with vermicompost after 45 days of nematode exposure.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All the data included in this manuscript
References
Adhikary S (2012) Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: a review. Agric Sci 3:905–917
Aebi H (1974) Catalase. In: Bergmeyer U (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Inc., New York and London, pp 121–126
Afifah EN, Murti RH, Nuringtyas TR (2019) Metabolomics Approach for the analysis of resistance of four tomato genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Open Life Sci 14:141–149. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2019-0016
Ahanger MA, Qi M, Huang Z, Xu X, Begum N, Qin C, Zhang C, Ahmad N, Mustafa NS, Ashraf M, Zhang L (2021) Improving growth and photosynthetic performance of drought stressed tomato by application of nano-organic fertilizer involves up-regulation of nitrogen, antioxidant and osmolyte metabolism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 216:112195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112195
Anjum SA, Xie XY, Wang LC, Saleem MF, Man C, Lei W (2011) Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African J Agric Res 6:2026–2032. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.5.3.7
Anupam NK, Kaur S, Buttar HS (2020) Efficacy of non-chemical methods for management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato in protected cultivation. J Entomol Zool Stud 8(3):1383–1389
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta Vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Azcona I, Pascual I, Aguirreolea J, Fuentes M, García-Mina JM, Sánchez-Díaz M (2011) Growth and development of pepper are affected by humic substances derived from composted sludge. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 174:916–924. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000264
Bakry BA, Ibrahim OM, Eid AR, Badr EA (2014) Effect of humic acid, mycorrhiza inoculation and biochar on yield and water use efficiency of flax under newly reclaimed sandy soil. Agric Sci 5:1427. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.514153
Bali S, Kaur P, Jamwal VL, Sharma A, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Ali MA, Ahmad P (2020) Seed priming with Jasmonic acid counteracts root knot nematode infection in tomato by modulating the activity and expression of antioxidative enzymes. Biomolecules 10:98. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010098
Bali S, Kaur P, Sharma A, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Ahmad P (2018) Jasmonic acid-induced tolerance to root-knot nematodes in tomato plants through altered photosynthetic and antioxidative defense mechanisms. Protoplasma 255:471–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1160-6
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Bhat SA, Singh J, Vig AP (2018) Earthworms as organic waste managers and biofertilizer producers. Waste Biomass Valoriz 9:1073–1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9899-8
Bremner JM, Mulvaney RG (1982) Nitrogen-total. In: Page AL, Miler RH, Keeney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp 595–624
Callard D, Axelos M, Mazzolini L (1996) Novel molecular markers for the late phase of the growth cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are expressed during organ senescence. Plant Physiol 112:705–715
Cetintas R, Kusek M, Fateh SA (2018) Effect of some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains on root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, on tomatoes. Egypt J Biol Pest Control 28:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-017-0008-x
Chinoy JJ (1962) Formation and utilization of ascorbic acid in shoot apex of wheat: as factor of growth and development. Indian J Plant Physiol 5:172–201
Choudhary RC, Bairwa HL, Kumar U, Javed T, Asad M, Lal K, Mahawer LN, Sharma SK, Singh P, Hassan MM, Abo-Shosha AA (2022) Influence of organic manures on soil nutrient content, microbial population, yield and quality parameters of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa. PloS One 17(4):e0266675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266675
Choudhary SP, Oral HV, Bhardwaj R, Yu JQ, Tran LSP (2012) Interaction of brassinosteroids and polyamines enhances copper stress tolerance in Raphanus sativus. J Exp Bot 63:5659–5675. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers219
Chowdhary AB, Singh J, Quadar J, Singh S, Dutta R, Angmo D, Vig AP (2022a) Earthworm’s show tolerance and avoidance response to pesticide clothianidin: effect on antioxidant enzymes. Int J Sci Environ Technol:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04092-0
Chowdhary AB, Singh J, Quadar J, Singh S, Singh A, Dutta R, Angmo D, Vig AP (2022b) Metsulfuron-methyl induced physiological, behavioural and biochemical changes in exotic (Eisenia fetida) and indigenous (Metaphire posthuma) earthworm species: toxicity and molecular docking studies. Pestic Biochem Physiol 188:105276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105276
Coyne DL, Cortada L, Dalzell JJ, Claudius-Cole AO, Haukeland S, Luambano N, Talwana H (2018) Plant-parasitic nematodes and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annu Rev Phytopathol 56:381–403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045833
Danish M, Robab MI, Marraiki N, Shahid M, Zaghloul NS, Nishat Y, Shaikh H (2021) Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita induced changes in morpho-anatomy and antioxidant enzymes activities in Trachyspermum ammi (L.) plant: a microscopic observation. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 116:101725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101725
Davis G, Ananga A, Krastanova S, Sutton S, Ochieng JW, Leong S, Tsolova V (2012) Elevated gene expression in chalcone synthase enzyme suggests an increased production of flavonoids in skin and synchronized red cell cultures of North American native grape berries. DNA Cell Biol 31:939–945. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2011.1589
de Azevedo IG, Olivares FL, Ramos AC, Bertolazi AA, Canellas LP (2019) Humic acids and Herbaspirillum seropedicae change the extracellular H+ flux and gene expression in maize roots seedlings. Chem Biol Technol Agric 6:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-019-0149-0
Dias LD, Itako AT, Gebler L, Tolentino Júnior JB, Pizzutti IR, Fontana ME, Janisch BD, Niemeyer JC (2021) Pine litter and vermicompost as alternative substrates for biobeds: efficiency in pesticide degradation. Wat Air Soil Poll 232(7):283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05231-y
DiGiacomo G, Gieske M, Grossman J, Jacobsen K, Peterson H, Rivard C (2023) Economic trade-offs: analysis of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cover crop use in organic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) high tunnel systems across multiple regions. Renew Agric Food Syst 38:e10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170523000029
dos R Goulart R, Terra WC, de L salgado SM, Alves JD, Campos VP, Fatobene BJ, Marchiori PE, de Souza SR, Rosângela DA (2019) Meloidogyne paranaensis and M. exigua alter coffee physiology. Nematology 21:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003226
Ebrahimi M, Souri MK, Mousavi A, Sahebani N (2021) Biochar and vermicompost improve growth and physiological traits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under deficit irrigation. Chem Biol Technol Agric 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00216-9
El Aimani A, Houari A, Laasli SE, Mentag R, Iraqi D, Diria G, Khayi S, Lahlali R, Dababat AA, Mokrini F (2022) Antagonistic potential of Moroccan entomopathogenic nematodes against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica on tomato under greenhouse conditions. Sci Rep 12(1):2915. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07039-0
El-Deriny MM, Ibrahim DS, Mostafa FA (2020) Organic additives and their role in the phytoparasitic nematodes management. In: Ansari, R., Rizvi, R., Mahmood, I (eds) Management of Phytonematodes: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Springer, Singapore, pp73-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4087-5_4
Esringü A, Kaynar D, Turan M, Ercisli S (2016) Ameliorative effect of humic acid and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Hungarian vetch plants under salinity stress. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 47:602–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1141922
Ezzat AS, Badway AS, Abdelkader AE (2019) Sequenced vermicompost, glycine betaine, proline treatments elevate salinity tolerance in potatoes. Middle East J Agric Res:126–138
Farooq MA, Gill RA, Islam F, Ali B, Liu H, Xu J, He S, Zhou W (2016) Methyl jasmonate regulates antioxidant defense and suppresses arsenic uptake in Brassica napus L. Front Plant Sci 7:468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00468
Gatahi DM (2020) Challenges and opportunities in tomato production chain and sustainable standards. Int J Hortic Sci 7(3):235–262. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2020.300818.361
Ghayoumi-Mohammadi N, Asadi-Gharneh HA (2019) Effects of foliar application and use of vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Iran J Med Aromat Plants Res 34:881–887. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2019.115698.2152
Gopinath R, Prakash M (2014) Isolation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from vermicompost and effect on growth of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 3(7):1072–1081
Gutierrez-Alcalá G, Gotor C, Meyer AJ, Fricker M, Vega JM, Romero LC (2000) Glutathione biosynthesis in Arabidopsis trichome cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(20):11108–11113
Habig WH, Jakoby WB (1981) Assays for differentiation of glutathione s-transferases. In: Laszlo Lorand L (ed) Methods in enzymology. Academic press, New York and London, pp 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(81)77053-8
Heath RL, Packer L (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125:189–198
Higueras P, Esbrí JM, García-Ordiales E, González-Corrochano B, López-Berdonces MA, García-Noguero EM, Alonso-Azcárate J, Martínez-Coronado A (2017) Potentially harmful elements in soils and holm-oak trees (Quercus ilex L.) growing in mining sites at the Valle de Alcudia Pb-Zn district (Spain)–some clues on plant metal uptake. J Geochem Explor 182:166–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.07.017
Jasrotia S, Ohri P (2017) 24-Epibrassinolide reduces stress in nematode-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants cultured. In Vitr Cell Dev Biol 53:538–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-017-9859-9
John MK (1970) Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil and plant materials with ascorbic acid. Soil Sci 109:214–220
Karssen G, Wesemael W, Moens M (2013) Root-knot nematodes. In: Perry RN, Moens M (eds) Plant nematology. CABI, Wallingford, pp 73–108. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780641515.0073
Kaur A, Kaur A, Ohri P (2022) Combined effects of vermicompost and vermicompost leachate on the early growth of Meloidogyne incognita stressed Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:51686–51702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19264-1
Kaur DN, Sharma SK, Sultan MS (2011) Effect of different chemicals on root knot nematode in seed beds of tomato. Plant Dis Res 26:170
Kesba HH, El-Beltagi HS (2012) Biochemical changes in grape rootstocks resulted from humic acid treatments in relation to nematode infection. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60024-0
Khanna K, Sharma A, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Abd_Allah EF, Hashem A, Ahmad P (2019) Impact of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the orchestration of Lycopersicon esculentum mill. Resistance to plant parasitic nematodes: a metabolomic approach to evaluate defense responses under field conditions. Biomolecules 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110676
Kirwa HK, Murungi LK, Beck JJ, Torto B (2018) Elicitation of differential responses in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita to tomato root exudate cytokinin, flavonoids and alkaloids. J Agric Food Chem 66:11291–11300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05101
Kono Y (1978) Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 186:189–195
Kumar KB, Khan PA (1982) Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in excised ragi (Eleusine corocana cv PR 202) leaves during senescence. Indian J Exp Biol 20:412–416
Lamaison J, Carnet A (1990) Main flavonoids content of Crataegus monogyna jacq and Crataegus laevigata (Poiret D. C) flowers depending on the Vegetation (en). Pharm Acta Helv 65:315–320
Le Mire G, Nguyen ML, Fassotte B, Jardin PD, Verheggen F, Delaplace P, Jijakli MH (2016) Review: implementing plant biostimulants and biocontrol strategies in the agroecological management of cultivated ecosystems. Base 20:299–313. https://doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.12717
Lee YS, Kim KY (2016) Antagonistic potential of Bacillus pumilus L1 against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria. J Phytopathol 164:29–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12421
Lotfi R, Kalaji HM, Valizadeh GR, Khalilvand Behrozyar E, Hemati A, Gharavi-Kochebagh P, Ghassemi A (2018) Effects of humic acid on photosynthetic efficiency of rapeseed plants growing under different watering conditions. Photosynthetica 56:962–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-017-0745-9
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275
Mahmud M, Abdullah R, Yaacob JS (2020) Effect of vermicompost on growth, plant nutrient uptake and bioactivity of ex vitro pineapple (Ananas comosus var. MD2). Agronomy 10:1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091333
Makkar C, Singh J, Parkash C, Singh S, Vig AP, Dhaliwal SS (2023) Vermicompost acts as bio-modulator for plants under stress and non-stress conditions. Environ Dev Sustain 25(3):2006–2057
Malik CP, Singh MB (1980) Plant enzymology and histo-enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi
Mancinelli AL (1990) Interaction between light quality and light quantity in the photoregulation of anthocyanin production. Plant Physiol 92:1191–1195
Martinek RG (1964) Method for the determination of vitamin E (total tocopherols) in serum. Clin Chem 10:1078–1086. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/10.12.1078
Meena OP, Bahadur V, Jagtap A, Saini P (2015) Genetic analysis of agronomic and biochemical variables among different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accessions. J Appl Nat Sci 7:806–816. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.687
Migunova VD, Sasanelli N (2021) Bacteria as biocontrol tool against phytoparasitic nematodes. Plants 10(2):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020389
Mohamed HI, Akladious SA, Ashry NA (2018) Evaluation of water stress tolerance of soybean using physiological parameters and retrotransposon-based markers. Gesunde Pflanz 70:205–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-018-0432-1
Mokrini F, Janati S, Houari A, Essarioui A, Bouharroud R, Mimouni A (2018) Management of plant parasitic nematodes by means of organic amendment. Rev Mar Sci Agron Vét 6:337–344
Nakano Y, Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant cell Physiol 22:867–880
Nayak DK (2015) Effects of nematode infection on contents of phenolic substances as influenced by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in susceptible and resistant brinjal cultivars. Agric Sci Dig A Res J 35:163. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-0547.2015.00032.4
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1996) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke PA, Loeppert RH, Soltanpour PN, Tabatabai MA, Johnston CT, Sumner ME (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3 Chemical Methods. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 961–1010
Patel VS, Shukla YM, Dhruve JJ (2017) Influence of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) on phenolic acid profile in root of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 6:840–848. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.100
Pereira DS, Paula MD, Monteir FLH, Silva DJ, Pinheiro BJ, Navas SM, Jindo K, Pupo SM, Zandonadi DB, Busato JG (2021) Trichoderma-enriched vermicompost extracts reduces nematode biotic stress in tomato and bell pepper crops. Agronomy 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081655
Pereira MM, Morais LC, Marques EA, Martins AD, Cavalcanti VP, Rodrigues FA, Gonçalves WM, Blank AF, Pasqual M, Dória J (2019) Humic substances and efficient microorganisms: elicitation of medicinal plants-a review. J Agric Sci 11(7):268–280
Putter J (1974) Peroxidases. In: Bergmeyer U (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York, USA, pp 685–690
Rahbarian R, Khavari-Nejad R, Ganjeali A, Bagheri A, Najafi F (2011) Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Acta Biol Cracoviensia Ser Bot 53:47–56. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10182-011-0007-2
Ramakrishnan S, Mahadevaswamy M (2012) Efficacy of vermicompost against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. in Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) Tobacco. Indian J Nematol 42(2):143–145
Rao MS, Kamalnath M, Umamaheswari R, Rajinikanth R, Prabu P, Priti K, Grace GN, Chaya MK, Gopalakrishnan C (2017) Bacillus subtilis IIHR BS-2 enriched vermicompost controls root knot nematode and soft rot disease complex in carrot. Sci Hortic 218:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.01.051
Ravindran B, Lee SR, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Chung WJ, Balasubramanian B, Mupambwa HA, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Sekaran G (2019) Positive effects of compost and vermicompost produced from tannery waste-animal fleshing on the growth and yield of commercial crop-tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plant. J Environ Manage 234:154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.100
Renco M, Kovacik P (2015) Assessment of the nematicidal potential of vermicompost, vermicompost tea and urea application on the potato-cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida. J Plant Prot Res 55(2):187–192. https://doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0025
Riascos-Ortiz D, Mosquera-Espinosa AT, Varón de Agudelo F, Oliveira CM, Muñoz Flórez JE (2022) Non-conventional management of plant-parasitic nematodes in musaceas crops. In: Chaudhary KK, Meghvansi MK (eds) Sustainable Management of Nematodes in Agriculture, vol 1. Springer, Cham, pp 381–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09943-4_15
Rosier A, Medeiros FH, Bais HP (2018) Defining plant growth promoting rhizobacteria molecular and biochemical networks in beneficial plant-microbe interactions. Plant Soil 428:35–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3679-5
Sedlak J (1982) Changes of glutathione and protein bound SH-groups concentration in rat adrenals under acute and repeated stress. Endocrinol Exp 16:103–109
Sharma N, Khanna K, Manhas RK, Bhardwaj R, Ohri P, Alkahtani J, Alwahibi MS, Ahmad P (2020) Insights into the role of Streptomyces hydrogenans as the plant growth promoter, photosynthetic pigment enhancer and biocontrol agent against Meloidogyne incognita in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. Plants 9:1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091109
Sharma N, Manhas RK, Bhardwaj R, Ohri P (2021) Bioefficacy of bio-metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. strain MR-14 in ameliorating Meloidogyne incognita stress in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. J Plant Growth Regul:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10518-9
Sikora RA, Fernandez E (2005) Nematode parasites of vegetables. In: Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (eds) Plant Parasit nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CAB International Institute of Parasitology, UK, p 319. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851997278.03
Sinha RK, Herat S (2012) Organic farming: producing chemical-free, nutritive and protective food for the society while also protecting the farm soil by earthworms and vermicompost–reviving the dreams of sir Charles Darwin. Res J Agric Sci 2:217–239
Strilling GR (1991) Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Sudhakar PS, Purushotham K (2009) Evaluation of F1 hybrids of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J Res Angrau 37:77–81
Tian M, Zheng Y, Sun X, Zheng H (2022) A research on promoting chemical fertiliser reduction for sustainable agriculture purposes: evolutionary game analyses involving ‘government, farmers and consumers. Ecol Indic 144:109433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109433
Tikoria R, Kaur A, Ohri P (2022a) Potential of vermicompost extract in enhancing the biomass and bioactive components along with mitigation of Meloidogyne incognita-induced stress in tomato. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:56023–56036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19757-z
Tikoria R, Kaur A, Ohri P (2022b) Modulation of various phytoconstituents in tomato seedling growth and Meloidogyne incognita–induced stress alleviation by vermicompost application. Front Environ Sci 10:891195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.891195
Tikoria R, Kaur A, Ohri P (2023a) Physiological, biochemical and structural changes in tomato plants by vermicompost application in different exposure periods under glass house conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 197:107656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107656
Tikoria R, Sharma N, Kour S, Kumar D, Ali M, Sharma R, Parkirti OP (2023b) Cotton oilseed cake: chemical composition and nematicidal potential. In: Ahmad F, Pandey R (eds) Oilseed Cake for Nematode Management. CRC press, Taylor and Francis Group, USA, pp 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003319252-4
Tikoria R, Sharma N, Kour S, Kumar D, Ohri P (2022c) Vermicomposting: an effective alternative in integrated pest management. In: Vig AP, Singh J, Suthar S (eds) Earthworm Engineering and Applications. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 103–118
Truong HD, Wang CH, Kien TT (2018) Effect of vermicompost in media on growth, yield and fruit quality of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun Mill.) under net house conditions. Compost Sci Util 26:52–58
Udalova ZV, Zinovieva SV (2019) Effect of salicylic acid on the oxidative and photosynthetic processes in tomato plants at invasion with root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid Et White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. Dokl Biochem Biophys 488:350–353. https://doi.org/10.1134/S160767291905017X
Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A (2000) Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci 151:59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00197-1
Wang H, Xu J, Liu X, Zhang D, Li L, Li W, Sheng L (2019) Effects of long-term application of organic fertilizer on improving organic matter content and retarding acidity in red soil from China. Soil Tillage Res 195:104382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104382
Wato T (2020) The role of allelopathy in pest management and crop production – a review. Food Sci Qual Manag 93:13–21
Wu X, Yu L, Pehrsson PR (2022) Are processed tomato products as nutritious as fresh tomatoes? Scoping review on the effects of industrial processing on nutrients and bioactive compounds in tomatoes. Adv Nutr 13(1):138–151. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab109
Xiao Z, Liu M, Jiang L, Chen X, Griffiths BS, Li H, Hu F (2016) Vermicompost increases defense against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato plants. Appl soil Ecol 105:177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.04.003
Yamori W, Kusumi K, Iba K, Terashima I (2020) Increased stomatal conductance induces rapid changes to photosynthetic rate in response to naturally fluctuating light conditions in rice. Plant Cell Environ 43(5):1230–1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13725
Yasin NA, Akram W, Khan WU, Ahmad SR, Ahmad A, Ali A (2018) Halotolerant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria modulate gene expression and osmolyte production to improve salinity tolerance and growth in Capsicum annum L. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:23236–23250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2381-8
Yatoo AM, Ali MN, Baba ZA, Hassan B (2021) Sustainable management of diseases and pests in crops by vermicompost and vermicompost tea. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 41:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00657-w
Yusof Z, Ramasamy S, Mahmood NZ, Yaacob JS (2018) Vermicompost supplementation improves the stability of bioactive anthocyanin and phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau. Molecules 23:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061345
Zhang Z, Li H, Qiao S, Zhang X, Liu P, Liu X (2012) Effect of salinity o seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics of Perilla frutescens. Plant Biosyst 146:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.627386
Zucco MA, Walters SA, Chong S-K, Klubek BP, Masabni JG (2015) Effect of soil type and vermicompost applications on tomato growth. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 4:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-015-0093-3
Acknowledgements
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) {File no. 09/254(0287)/2018-EMR-I}, New Delhi, India, is highly acknowledged for providing financial support to author R.T. for conducting this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
R.T., A.K., and P.O. finalized various concepts of the study and their validation. Experiments were performed, and data were collected by R.T. All data and manuscript were supervised by P.O. and A.K. All authors contributed to the preparation of this manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
Ethical approval for this work is not required.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
All the authors agreed to publish this work in the Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tikoria, R., Kaur, A. & Ohri, P. Amelioration of Oxidative Stress and Growth Enhancement by Application of Vermicompost via Modulating Phyto-constituents in Tomato Plants During Nematode Stress. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23, 3944–3960 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01313-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01313-4