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4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: a State-of-the-Art Review of Technologies, Biomaterials, and Application

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Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an advancement of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, which allows a static 3D-printed structure to transform its shape with time, via self-folding/unfolding, in the presence of external stimuli, such as temperature, light, pH, water, mechanical stress, and magnetic field. According to the reports, this technology has tremendous potential in the area of biomedical engineering.

Objective

To review the recent research and application breakthroughs of 4D printing in various biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, soft robotics, and other medical devices.

Materials and Methods

A thorough literature search has been performed regarding the 4D printing technology and its application in biomedical engineering using the “Web of Science” browser.

Results

After reviewing all the available literature related to the biomedical application of 4D printing, it can be summarized that 4D printing technology has remarkably diverse biomedical application potential.

Conclusion

4D printing technology revolutionizes research in the healthcare sector, such as tissue engineering, self-assembling human-scale biomaterials, and organ printing. However, the mainstream use of 4D printing, along with its translatability, is dependent on further intensive research and advancements.

Lay Summary

The goal of 4D printing is to synthesize smart shape-changing products using conventional 3D printing instruments. The fourth dimension in 4D printing is “time.” Post printing, the 3D-printed construct can be transformed into the shape of interest by exposure to specific stimuli. 4D printing is a rapidly growing technology and has been explored in different fields including biomedical engineering. This review documented a detailed discussion regarding the application of 4D printing technology in the area of biomedical engineering.

Future Work

One of the major obstacles in 4D printing technology is cellular survival in the presence of a stimulus. The stimulus should require to be well optimized in order to support cellular survival. Other problems are passive and unreliable actuation, deficiency in regulating intermediary states of deformation and restriction in the availability of material. In future work, more effective techniques or optimized methodologies for governing the application of stimuli are required to make the technique flawless in this particular field.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the infrastructure provided by the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee for their research activities in this field.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Souvik Ghosh & Debrupa Lahiri

  2. Molecular Endocrinology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Souvik Ghosh, Partha Roy & Debrupa Lahiri

  3. Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Souvik Ghosh & Siddhi Chaudhuri

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Souvik Ghosh: literature review, writing—original draft, and review and editing; Siddhi Chaudhuri: writing—original draft; Partha Roy: validation and review; Debrupa Lahiri: conceptualization, validation, review and editing, supervision, and project administration.

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Ghosh, S., Chaudhuri, S., Roy, P. et al. 4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: a State-of-the-Art Review of Technologies, Biomaterials, and Application. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. 9, 339–365 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-022-00288-5

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