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Utilization of rice crop residue to fortify biogas production with mitigation of aerosols for sustainable environment: mechanism, potential strategies, and opportunities

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Abstract

Rice is the major cereal crop of the world which is tremendously cultivated in Asia. After harvesting rice, a large portion of wet rice crop residue (RCR) gets left behind in rice fields. Harvesting of rice happens same time as when the planting of wheat crop is at its peak. Hence, farmers burn the wet RCR in the field itself to make fields ready for wheat crops. Only a small part of RCR makes its way to paper mills which is used to make pulp for cardboard papers. RCR is a high-volume low-density commodity; hence, it is commercially expensive to transport RCR long distance to paper mills. Burning of RCR in open fields is a serious environmental problem because it creates environmental pollutants in the form of aerosol which contain sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), organic matter, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Energy production from RCR is a potential way to curb waste and air pollutants. The biomethanation of RCR to produce biogas as a source of energy that reduces the emissions of harmful gases and particulate materials that make aerosol is one way to manage waste. After digestion of RCR, the slurry is produced which is utilized as fertilizer for agricultural crops. The present review has been categorized with these objectives to explore the advantageous routes for bioenergy options: rice crop production, rice crop stubble burning and aerosol formation, chemical composition of RCR with the various routes of energy production are mentioned, whereas strategies to improve the biomethanation of RCR are broadly described with physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment methods including co-substrate utilization, economic and environmental aspects of biomethanation with policies are delineated. Insights about how RCR can affect the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) are provided with incorporation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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Funding

Authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (Government of India), for providing financial support of project (DST/INT/AUS/P-76/2020) “Thermal Energy Storage for Food/Grain Drying with CST/RE to Lower Pollution” and project (SR/FST/ES-I/2020/74) “FIST Program-2020” [TPN No. 53266].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya Suchani (Bagla), Samba, J&K, 181143, India

    Richa Kothari, Har Mohan Singh, Kajol Goria & Shubham Raina

  2. School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, 182320, India

    V. V. Tyagi

  3. District Water Testing Laboratory, Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam Bahraich, Bahraich, U.P., 271801, India

    Shamshad Ahmad

  4. Department of Sustainable Engineering, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070, India

    Ramkishore Singh

  5. Non-Conventional Energy Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Amethi, U.P., 229305, India

    Atul Sharma

  6. Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5095, Australia

    Frank Bruno

  7. Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India

    D. Buddhi

  8. Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144001, India

    D. Buddhi

  9. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P., 201306, India

    Har Mohan Singh

  10. Mondial Advisory, Unit 6/13 Unley Road, Parkside South Australia, 5093, Australia

    Shane Sheoran

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  1. Richa Kothari
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  2. Har Mohan Singh
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  11. D. Buddhi
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Contributions

Richa Kothari: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing–original draft, supervision; Har Mohan Singh: formal analysis, investigation, writing–original draft; Kajol Goria: writing–original draft; Shubham Raina: writing–original draft; V.V. Tyagi: conceptualization, writing–review and editing, visualization, validation; Shamshad Ahmad: writing–review and editing, visualization, validation; Ramkishore Singh: visualization, validation; Atul Sharma: visualization, validation; Shane Sheoran: visualization, validation; Frank Bruno: visualization, validation; D. Buddhi: visualization, validation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richa Kothari.

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Kothari, R., Singh, H.M., Goria, K. et al. Utilization of rice crop residue to fortify biogas production with mitigation of aerosols for sustainable environment: mechanism, potential strategies, and opportunities. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05571-9

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