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Synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets using Saraca indica leaves and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer applications

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Abstract

Bio-reduced graphene nanosheets have attracted a lot of interest from the medical community, considering their biocompatible characteristic and enhanced efficacy. The present study involves the phytoreduction of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets using leaf extract of Saraca indica (Si) and the evaluation of in vitro biological effects. The bio-reduction of GO was analyzed using spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, Raman, DLS), thermal stability (TGA), and morphological features using microscopic techniques (SEM, TEM, and AFM). In vitro assays revealed that the bio-reduced SirGO exhibited enhanced radical scavening effect against DPPH radical (74%), bactericidal effect against Gram+ve pathogen: Bacillus subtilis (19 mm) and Gram−ve pathogen: Escherichia coli (15 mm), and maximum cytotoxic effect (51%) against A549 cell line at 500 μg/mL. Based on these observations, it is revealed that the leaf extract of S. indica is an effective bio-reductant for producing rGO nanosheets that could have a relevant scope in formulating nanomedicines.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R48) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors acknowledge the support and instruments provided by the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, and Dr. K. Sathiyanarayanan, Professor, Department of Chemistry.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bangalore, 560077, India

    Nathiya Thiyagarajulu & Paramasivam Deepak

  2. Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    Chinnaperumal Kamaraj

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulatur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India

    Chinnaperumal Kamaraj

  4. Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid A. Al-Ghanim

  5. Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India

    Aranganathan Lakshminarayanan

  6. Department of Environmental Biology, Foundation In Unam Sapientiam, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  7. School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    Sivakumar Arumugam

  8. Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India

    Marimuthu Govindarajan

  9. Unit of Natural Products and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, 612 001, India

    Marimuthu Govindarajan

Authors
  1. Nathiya Thiyagarajulu
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  2. Paramasivam Deepak
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  3. Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
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  4. Khalid A. Al-Ghanim
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  5. Aranganathan Lakshminarayanan
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  6. Marcello Nicoletti
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  7. Sivakumar Arumugam
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  8. Marimuthu Govindarajan
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Contributions

Conceptualization: N.T. and S.A.; methodology: N.T. and P.D.; investigation: A.L. and N.T.; validation: S.A., P.D., A.L., M.N., and C.K.; writing—original draft preparation: N.T.; writing—review and editing: S.A., M.N., C.K., K.A.A., and M.G.; supervision: S.A.; funding acquisition: K.A.A. and M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chinnaperumal Kamaraj or Sivakumar Arumugam.

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Thiyagarajulu, N., Deepak, P., Kamaraj, C. et al. Synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets using Saraca indica leaves and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer applications. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04769-7

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