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Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under Picconia azorica in native forests of Azores

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Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the rhizosphere of the endemic Laurisilva tree, Picconia azorica, were characterised at two sites in each of two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel). Forty-six spore morphotypes were found, and DNA extraction was attempted from individual spores of each of these. DNA was obtained from 18 of the morphotypes, from which a 1.5 kb long fragment of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (SSU-ITS-LSU) was sequenced. A total of 125 AMF sequences were obtained and assigned to 18 phylotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed sequences belonging to the families, Acaulosporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae. Phylotype richness changed between islands and between sampling sites at both islands suggesting that geographical and historical factors are determinant in shaping AMF communities in native forest of Azores. Ecological analysis of the molecular data revealed differences in AMF community composition between islands. In Terceira, the rhizosphere of P. azorica was dominated by species belonging to Acaulosporaceae and Glomeraceae, while São Miguel was dominated by members of Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae. This is the first molecular study of AMF associated with P. azorica in native forest of the Azores. These symbiont fungi are key components of the ecosystem. Further research is needed to develop their use as promoters of plant establishment in conservation and restoration of such sites.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Luís Vasco Nunes of Regional Institute of Agrarian Planning for providing the aerial photographs. Many thanks to Paulo Borges of cE3c- Azorean Biodiversity Group for providing the software packages Species Diversity and Richness IV for the paper, and also for the work reviewed here, and also Reinaldo Pimentel of Azorean Biodiversity Group (CITA-A) for providing the imaging software. We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this research from the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/AGR-ALI/122152/2010, SFRH/BPD/78059/2011 and UID/GEO/04035/2013) and Fundo Regional para a Ciência e Tecnologia – Governo dos Açores (M317/F/010A/2009 and M312/F/041/2011). C. Krüger was supported by the long-term research development project RVO 67985939.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) / Azorean Biodiversity Group (GBA) -Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Azores, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal

    Catarina Drumonde Melo

  2. Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal

    Catarina Drumonde Melo

  3. Biotechnology Center of Azores, University of Azores (CBA-UAç) - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal

    Catarina Drumonde Melo, Sara Luna, Duarte Mendonça & Artur Câmara Machado

  4. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences Czech Republic, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Claudia Krüger

  5. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK

    Christopher Walker

  6. School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    Christopher Walker

  7. Department of Biology & GeoBioTec, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Henrique M. A. C. Fonseca

  8. Canarian Institute of Agricultural Research (ICIA), Finca “Isamar”, Ctra. de El Boquerón, Valle Guerra La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain

    Maria Jaizme-Vega

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  1. Catarina Drumonde Melo
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Electronic supplementary material

Figure S1

Maximum likelihood consensus and Evolutionary Placement Algorithm (EPA) phylogenetic trees calculated by RaxML. Grouped into A) backbone phylogenetic tree and B) EPA trees achieved by applying different sequence similarity threshold 97, 98 and 99% (from left to right) using UPARSE. AMF sequences found in Picconia azorica roots marked in blue. Scale bar shows number of substitution per site. (PDF 164 kb)

Figure S2

Full maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, spanning a part of the SSU, the full ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and a large part of the LSU rRNA gene regions (ca. 1.5 kb long), including the AMF sequences found in Picconia azorica roots marked in blue. Scale bar shows number of substitution per site. (GIF 43 kb)

High Resolution (EPS 6267 kb)

Table S1

List of all detected OTUs calculated with SEED. Corresponding sequences are linked to the different OTUs achieved by the sequence similarity thresholds 97, 98 and 99%, in separated tabs. (XLS 39 kb)

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Melo, C.D., Luna, S., Krüger, C. et al. Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under Picconia azorica in native forests of Azores. Symbiosis 74, 43–54 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-017-0487-2

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