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Shifts in the Abundance and Community Composition of Particle-Associated and Free-Living Nitrospira Across Physicochemical Gradients in the Pearl River Estuary

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Abstract

Nitrospira, a genus of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, plays an important role in the global nitrogen cycle. However, the distribution patterns of Nitrospira communities and their responses to environmental variables in the estuary are relatively unknown. In this study, Nitrospira communities were collected at two size fractions, 0.2–2.0 μm (free-living) and >2.0 μm (particle-associated), across a physicochemical gradient in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). The abundance and community composition of Nitrospira bacteria within these two fractions were analysed using qPCR and high-throughput sequencing targeting the nxrB gene. The abundance of particle-associated bacteria decreased dramatically from upstream to downstream, but no significant changes were observed in free-living bacteria, leading to a drastic decrease in the ratio of particle-associated to free-living bacteria (from 36.56 to 0.81). Nitrospira community composition in the PRE also exhibited remarkable spatial variation but no distinct differences in the community composition between particle-associated and free-living fractions. Seven Nitrospira species were detected in water samples from the PRE, of which Nitrospira lenta (N. lenta) and Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii (Ca. N. defluvii) were found to be dominant, and Ca. N. defluvii was observed for the first time in the estuarine environment. A marine Nitrospira, Nitrospira marina (N. marina), was more abundant in winter than in summer, possibly due to strong seawater intrusion in winter. Multivariate statistics revealed that ammonia rather than nitrite was the key factor controlling the community structure of Nitrospira, though different species responded differently to environmental variables. Community network analysis revealed tighter interactions in particle-associated Nitrospira communities than in free-living communities, suggesting that particle association favored interactions. Our analyses indicate that particles play a dominant role in shaping the structure of Nitrospira bacterial communities and imply their major function of the nitrite oxidation in the waters of the PRE.

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Funding

This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91851111, No. 31870100, and No. 42006122), Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2019B1515120066 and No. 2020A1515110597), Young Talent Research Project of Guangzhou Education Bureau (No. 202032795), and Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of Guangzhou University (Grant No. GU2017001).

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  1. Jiapeng Wu and Lijing Jiao contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China

    Yiguo Hong, Jiapeng Wu, Lijing Jiao, Fei Ye, Yu Wang, Yiben Li & Limei Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, 510301, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Yaohao Hu & Aimin Long

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China

    Yaohao Hu & Aimin Long

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Hong, Y., Wu, J., Jiao, L. et al. Shifts in the Abundance and Community Composition of Particle-Associated and Free-Living Nitrospira Across Physicochemical Gradients in the Pearl River Estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 44, 1931–1945 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-00909-2

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