Abstract
In the present study, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by electrochemical discharge process using strong base electrolytes. The experiments were carried out separately using NaOH and KOH electrolytes. The mass output rate and the crystal size were obtained with variation of the rotation speed of magnetic stirrer for both types of electrolytes. The mass output rate of CuO nanoparticles increased with the increase in the speed of rotation, and, after an optimum speed, it started decreasing. However, the size of the particles reduced with the increase of the rotation speed. The crystal plane of the obtained CuO nanoparticles was similar for both the electrolytes whereas the yield of nanoparticles was higher in KOH as compared with NaOH under the same experiment conditions. In this set of experiments, the maximum output rates obtained were 21.66 mg h−1 for NaOH and 24.66 mg h−1 for KOH at 200 rpm for a single discharge arrangement. The average crystal size of CuO particles obtained was in the range of 13–18 nm for KOH electrolyte and 15–20 nm for NaOH electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that flower-like and caddice clew-shaped CuO nanocrystalline particles were synthesized by the electrochemical discharge process. Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that the CuO nanoparticles have a pure and monolithic phase. UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy was used to monitor oxidation course of Cu → CuO and the band gap energy was measured as 2 and 2.6 eV for CuO nanoparticle synthesized in NaOH and KOH solutions, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Horikoshi S and Serpone N (Eds) 2013 Microwaves in Nanoparticle Synthesis: Fundamentals and Applications (John Wiley & Sons)
Hett A 2004 Nanotechnology: Small Matter, Many Unknowns (Zurich, Swiss Reinsurance Company)
Poddar P, Telem-Shafir T, Fried T and Markovich G 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 060403
Kumar P and Kumar R 2015 Thin Solid Films doi: 10.1016/ j.tsf.2015.08.047
Edgeworth J P, Wilson N R and Macpherson J V 2007 Small 5 860
Goupalov S V 2005 Phys. Rev. B 8 085420
Bavykin D V, Gordeev S N, Moskalenko A V, Lapkin A A and Walsh F C 2005 J. Phys. Chem. B 18 8565
Chen S, Duan J, Ran J, Jaroniec M and Qiao S Z 2013 Energy Environ. Sci. 6 3693
Wang Z L 2004 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 829
Fernandez-Garcia M, Martinez-Arias A, Hanson J C and Rodriguez J A 2004 Chem. Rev. 104 4063
Vayssieres L 2004 Int. J. Nanotechnol. 1 1
Jun Y-W, Choi J-S and Cheon J 2006 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 3414
Chen X and Mao S S 2007 Chem. Rev. 107 2891
Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L and Muller R N 2008 Chem. Rev. 108 2064
Comini E, Baratto C, Faglia G, Ferroni M, Vomiero A and Sberveglieri G 2009 Prog. Mater. Sci. 54 1
Dutta S, Chattopadhyay S, Sarkar A, Chakrabarti M, Sanyal D and Jana D 2009 Prog. Mater. Sci. 54 89
Barth S, Hernandez-Ramirez F, Holmes J D and Romano-Rodriguez A 2010 Prog. Mater. Sci. 55 563
Singh D P and Ali N 2010 Sci. Adv. Mater. 2 295
Li Y and Somorjai G A 2010 Nano Lett. 10 2289
Hu J, Chen M, Fang X and Wu L 2011 Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 5472
Devan R S, Patil R A, Lin J-H and Ma Y-R 2012 Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 3326
Tiwari J N, Tiwari R N and Kim K S 2012 Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 724
Spencer M J 2012 Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 437
Park J, Joo J, Kwon S G, Jang Y and Hyeon T 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 4630
Zheng H, Ou J Z, Strano M S, Kaner R B, Mitchell A and Kalantar-Zadeh K 2011 Adv. Funct. Mater. 21 2175
MacDonald A H 2001 Nature 414 409
Liu Y, Chu Y, Zhuo Y, Li M, Li L and Dong L 2007 Cryst. Growth Des. 7 467
Vaseem M, Umar A, Kim S H and Hahn Y B 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 5729
Son D I, You C H and Kim T W 2009 Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 8794
Xu J F, Ji W, Shen Z X, Tang S H, Ye X R, Jia D Z and Xin X Q 1999 J. Solid State Chem. 147 516
Tran T H and Nguyen V T 2014 Int. Sch. Res. Notices 2014
Zhang J, Liu J, Peng Q, Wang X and Li Y 2006 Chem. Mater. 18 867
Choi Y-H, Kim D-H, Han H S, Shin S, Hong S-H and Hong K S 2014 Langmuir 30 700
Umar A, Rahman M M, Al-Hajry A and Hahn Y B 2009 Electrochem. Commun. 11 278
Rahman M M, Ahammad A J, Jin J-H, Ahn S J and Lee J-J 2010 Sensors 10 4855
Wang X, Hu C, Liu H, Du G, He X and Xi Y 2010 Sens. Actuators B—Chem. 144 220
Hsu Y-W, Hsu T-K, Sun C-L, Nien Y-T, Pu N-W and Ger M-D 2012 Electrochim. Acta 82 152
Huang J, Dong Z, Li Y, Li J, Wang J, Yang H, Li S, Guo S, Jin J and Li R 2013 Sens. Actuators B—Chem. 182 618
Wang S B, Hsiao C H, Chang S J, Lam K T, Wen K H, Hung S C, Young S J and Huang B R 2011 Sens. Actuators A—Phys. 171 207
Rossi C, Zhang K, Esteve D, Alphonse P, Tailhades P and Vahlas C 2007 J. Microelectromech. Syst. 16 919
Dar M A, Kim Y S, Kim W B, Sohn J M and Shin H S 2008 Appl. Surf. Sci. 254 7477
Zhang X, Shi W, Zhu J, Kharistal D J, Zhao W, Lalia B S, Hng H H and Yan Q 2011 ACS Nano 5 2013
Liu J, Jin J, Deng Z, Huang S-Z, Hu Z-Y, Wang L, Wang C, Chen L-H, Li Y, Tendeloo G V and Su B L 2012 J. Colloid Interface Sci. 384 1
Chang Y N, Zhang M, Xia L, Zhang J and Xing G 2012 Materials 5 2850
Kumar R V, Diamant Y and Gedanken A 2000 Chem. Mater. 12 2301
Vijaya Kumar R, Elgamiel R, Diamant Y, Gedanken A and Norwig J 2001 Langmuir 17 1406
Ranjbar-Karimi R, Bazmandegan-Shamili A, Aslani A and Kaviani K 2010 Physica B: Condens. Matter 405 3096
Singh I and Bedi R K 2011 Solid State Sci. 13
Anandan S, Lee G J and Wu J J 2012 Ultrason. Sonochem. 19 682
Eshed M, Lellouche J, Matalon S, Gedanken A and Banin E 2012 Langmuir 28 12288
Shui A, Zhu W, Xu L, Qin D and Wang Y 2013 Ceram. Int. 39 8715
Chen Y-J, Meng F-N, Yu H-L, Zhu C-L, Wang T-S, Gao P and Ouyang Q Y 2013 Sens. Actuators B—Chem. 176 15
Yang X-D, Jiang L-L, Mao C-J, Niu H-L, Song J-M and Zhang S-Y 2014 Mater. Lett. 115 121
Sonia S, Jayram N D, Kumar P S, Mangalaraj D, Ponpandian N and Viswanathan C 2014 Superlattices Microstruct. 66 1
Qi X, Huang Y, Klapper M, Boey F, Huang W, Feyter S D, Müllen K and Zhang H 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 13465
Jadhav L D, Patil S P, Chavan A U, Jamale A P and Puri V R 2011 Micro Nano Lett. 6 812
Bayansal F, Kahraman S, Çankaya G, Çetinkara H A, Güder H S and Çakmak H M 2011 J. Alloys Compd. 509 2094
Umadevi M and Christy A J 2013 Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 109 133
Christy A J, Nehru L C and Umadevi M 2013 Powder Technol. 235 783
Naika H R, Lingaraju K, Manjunath K, Kumar D, Nagaraju G, Suresh D and Nagabhushana H 2015 J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 9 7
Han D, Yang H, Zhu C and Wang F 2008 Powder Technol. 185 286
Zhao Y, Zhu J J, Hong J M, Bian N and Chen H Y 2004 Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004 4072
Dagher S, Haik Y, Ayesh A I and Tit N 2014 J. Lumin. 151 149
Khashan K S, Sulaiman G M and Abdulameer F A 2016 Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 41 301
Jung H J, Yu Y and Choi M Y 2015 Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 36 3
Maul J, Brito A S, de Oliveira A L M, Lima S J G, Maurera M A M A, Keyson D, Souza A G and Santos I M G 2011 J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 106 519
Jiang T, Wang Y, Meng D, Wu X, Wang J and Chen J 2014 Appl. Surf. Sci. 311 602
Chiang C-Y, Aroh K and Ehrman S H 2012 Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 4871
Yao W-T, Yu S-H, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Wu Q-S, Zhang L and Jiang J 2005 J. Phys. Chem. B 109 14011
Kassaee M Z, Buazar F and Motamedi E 2010 J. Nanomater. 2010 7
Karahaliou P K, Svarnas P, Georga S N, Xanthopoulos N I, Delaportas D, Krontiras C A and Alexandrou I 2012 J. Nanopart. Res. 14 1
Goli M, Haratizadeh H and Abrishami M E 2014 Ceram. Int. 40 16071
Lal A, Bleuler H and Wüthrich R 2008 Electrochem. Commun. 10 488
Wüthrich R and Mandin P 2009 Electrochim. Acta 54 4031
Allagui A and Wüthrich R 2011 Electrochim. Acta 58 12
Culity B D and Stock S R 1978 Principles of X-ray Diffraction (Reading: Addision-Wesley)
Wuthrich R and Ziki J D A 2014 Micromachining Using Electrochemical Discharge Phenomenon: Fundamentals and Application of Spark Assisted Chemical Engraving (William Andrew)
Cao X D, Kim B H and Chu C N 2009 Precis. Eng. 4 459
Wang H, Xu J Z, Zhu J-J and Chen H-Y 2002 J. Cryst. Growth 244 88
Rehman S, Mumtaz A and Hasanain S K 2011 J. Nanopart. Res. 13 2497
Phoka S, Laokul P, Swatsitang E, Promarak V, Seraphin S and Maensiri S 2009 Mater. Chem. Phys. 1 423
Mohamed R M, Harraz F A and Shawky A 2014 Ceram. Int. 40 2127
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr G C Nayak from Applied Chemistry Department and Dr T K Mondal from Fuel and Mineral Engineering Department of ISM, Dhanbad, for extending their support for characterization of nanoparticles during this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
SINGH, P.K., KUMAR, P., HUSSAIN, M. et al. Synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles using strong base electrolyte through electrochemical discharge process. Bull Mater Sci 39, 469–478 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1159-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1159-1