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Accumulation, Chronicity, and Induction of Oxidative Stress Regulating Genes Through Allium cepa L. Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles in Freshwater Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

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A Correction to this article was published on 19 March 2022

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Abstract

Green evolutionary products such as biologically fabricated nanoparticles (NPs) pose a hazard to aquatic creatures. Herein, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by the reaction between ionic silver (AgNO3) and aqueous onion peel extract (Allium cepa L). The synthesized biogenic AgNPs were characterized with UV–Visible spectrophotometer, XRD, FT-IR, and TEM with EDS analysis; then, their toxicity was assessed on common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) using biomarkers of haematological alterations, oxidative stress, histological changes, differential gene expression patterns, and bioaccumulation. The 96 h lethal toxicity was analysed with various concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/l) of biogenic AgNPs. Based on 96 h LC50, sublethal concentrations (1/15th, 1/10th, and 1/5th) were given to C. carpio for 28 days. At the end of experiment, the bioaccumulations of Ag content were accumulated mainly in the gills, followed by the liver and muscle. At an interval of 7 days, the haematological alterations showed significance (p < 0.05) and elevation of antioxidant defence mechanism reveals the toxicity of biogenic synthesized AgNPs. Adverse effects on oxidative stress were probably related to the histopathological damage of its vital organs like gill, liver, and muscle. Finally, the fish treated with biogenic synthesized AgNPs were significantly (p < 0.05) downregulates the oxidative stress genes such as Cu–Zn SOD, CAT, GPx1a, GST-α, CYP1A, and Nrf-2 expression patterns. The present study provides evidence of biogenic synthesized AgNPs influence on the aquatic life through induction of oxidative stress.

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Acknowledgements

The author Rajkumar Krishnasamy Sekar gratefully acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, for providing fellowship under the DST-INSPIRE Fellowship (IF140546) scheme. The authors thank National Centre for Alternatives to Animal Experiments (NCAAE) under UGC-CPEPA scheme, Government of India (F.No.2-1/2013(NS/PE)), for RTqPCR studies in this work. The authors highly acknowledge the UGC-SAP-DRS-II (F.3-9/2013(SAP-II)), Department of Science and Technology Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology Infrastructure (DST-FIST)-Level-I (stage-II) (Ref. No. SR/FST/LSI-647/2015(C) Date.11.08.2016) and Department of Science and Technology Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (DST PURSE Phase—II) (Ref. No. SR/PURSE PHASE 2/16(G)/&16(C) Date. 21.02.2017) for the instrumentation facility to the Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India. The authors also thank “RUSA, 2.0—Biological Sciences, Bharathidasan University.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Aquabiotics & Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India

    Krishnasamy Sekar Rajkumar, Sivagaami Palaniyappan, Srinivasan Veeran, Arun Sridhar & Thirumurugan Ramasamy

  2. UGC-National Centre for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, Tiruchirappalli, India

    Ramkumar Arunachalam, Murugadas Anbazhagan & Thirumurugan Ramasamy

  3. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, GA, 30322, Atlanta, USA

    Murugadas Anbazhagan

  4. Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Arun Sridhar

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  1. Krishnasamy Sekar Rajkumar
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  7. Thirumurugan Ramasamy
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Contributions

Investigation, methodology, data curation, writing — original draft: Rajkumar Krishnasamy Sekar; methodology, resources: Ramkumar Arunachalam, Murugadas Anbazhagan, and Sivagaami Palaniyappan; formal analysis, validation, writing — review and editing: Srinivasan Veeran and Arun Sridhar; conceptualization, project administration, supervision, validation, visualization, writing — review and editing: Thirumurugan Ramasamy. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Thirumurugan Ramasamy.

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Ethical Approval

Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India, has approved this research work (Ref. No: BDU/IAEC/P28/2018).

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All authors read and approved the final manuscript and have complete access to study data and agree with this manuscript publication.

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The original version of this article was revised. equations 1 and 2 should be: 1. \(\mathrm{MCV }(\mathrm{cu}.\mathrm{ microns}) =\mathrm{ Hct}/\mathrm{RBC }(10^6/\mathrm{ml})\) 2. \(\mathrm{MCH }(\mathrm{pg}) = [\mathrm{Hb }(\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{l}) \times 10]/\mathrm{RBC }(10^6/\mathrm{ml})\)

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Krishnasamy Sekar, R., Arunachalam, R., Anbazhagan, M. et al. Accumulation, Chronicity, and Induction of Oxidative Stress Regulating Genes Through Allium cepa L. Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles in Freshwater Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 904–925 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03164-z

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