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An Overview of Crosslinked Enzyme Aggregates: Concept of Development and Trends of Applications

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Abstract

Enzymes are commonly used as biocatalysts for various biological and chemical processes in industrial applications. However, their limited operational stability, catalytic efficiency, poor reusability, and high-cost hamper further industrial usage. Thus, crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) are developed as a better enzyme immobilization tool to extend the enzymes’ operational stability. This immobilization method is appealing because it is simpler due to the absence of ballast and permits the collective use of crude enzyme cocktails. CLEAs, so far, have been successfully developed using a variety of enzymes, viz., hydrolases, proteases, amidases, lipases, esterases, and oxidoreductase. Recent years have seen the emergence of novel strategies for preparing better CLEAs, which include the combi- and multi-CLEAs, magnetics CLEAs, and porous CLEAs for various industrial applications, viz., laundry detergents, organic synthesis, food industries, pharmaceutical applications, oils, and biodiesel production. To better understand the different strategies for CLEAs’ development, this review explores these strategies and highlights the relevant concerns in designing innovative CLEAs. This article also details the challenges faced during CLEAs preparation and solutions for overcoming them. Finally, the trending strategies to improve the preparation of CLEAs alongside their industrial application trends are also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the helpful comments and suggestions from the Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory colleagues and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor.

Funding

This work was supported by the UTM High Impact Research Grant (grant number Q.J130000.2454.08G45).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Oumaima Maroua Bouguerra & Fahrul Huyop

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Roswanira Abdul Wahab, Abdo Mohammed Al-Fakih & Naji Arafat Mahat

  3. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Roswanira Abdul Wahab

  4. Centre of Foundation Studies, Dengkil Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, 43800, Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia

    Wan Muhd Asyraf Wan Mahmood

  5. Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

    Mohd Khalizan Sabullah

Authors
  1. Oumaima Maroua Bouguerra
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  2. Roswanira Abdul Wahab
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  3. Fahrul Huyop
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  4. Abdo Mohammed Al-Fakih
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  5. Wan Muhd Asyraf Wan Mahmood
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  6. Naji Arafat Mahat
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  7. Mohd Khalizan Sabullah
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. The idea of this work, the literature research, and the data analysis were done by Oumaima Maroua Bouguerra and Roswanira Abdul Wahab. All authors have contributed to amending and improving the draft by commenting on previous manuscript versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Roswanira Abdul Wahab or Mohd Khalizan Sabullah.

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Bouguerra, O.M., Wahab, R.A., Huyop, F. et al. An Overview of Crosslinked Enzyme Aggregates: Concept of Development and Trends of Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04809-y

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