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A comprehensive review of membrane fouling and cleaning methods with emphasis on ultrasound-assisted fouling control processes

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Abstract

One of the most critical issues encountered in membrane-based separation processes is permeate flux decline in a system operating for a long period. The particles in the feed solution tend to foul the membrane surface or membrane pores, which results in pore blocking and/or cake formation on the surface. In this regard, the use of membrane cleaning techniques for the membrane flux restoration has gained more attention. Ultrasonic (US) irradiation is an alternative technique applied to the feed solution passing across the membrane surface to either prevent the fouling formation (fouling control) or dislodge the foulants (surface cleaning). Ultrasonic cleaning mechanisms are based on sound waves travelling through the liquid, which leads to physical and chemical effects. This cleaning technique is an environmentally friendly process in which no chemical or biological agents are used. This article briefly reviews different types of fouling and classes of foulants, fouling evolution mechanisms, mathematical modelling of fouling, surface cleaning and fouling control strategies, with the emphasis on ultrasound-assisted fouling control process as an innovative cleaning method. The effect of the operational parameters on the performance of the US-assisted filtration processes, highlights, challenges, and future outlook of US cleaning will be discussed.

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Abbreviations

AP :

cross-sectional area of a single pore [m2]

Am :

area of membrane surface [m2]

2a:

beam width [degree]

a0 :

the initial clean membrane surface area [m2]

B:

constant related to membrane porosity and rate of removal of particles per unit area [s−1]

B′:

back flux factor [s−1]

Cb :

bulk protein concentration [kg·m−3]

c:

particle concentration [volume fraction]

c0 :

particle concentration at bulk suspension [volume fraction]

cg :

particle concentration at membrane surface [volume fraction]

cs :

sound velocity [m·s−1]

cw :

speed of the US wave [m·s−1]

D:

particle diffusion coefficient [m2·s−1]

Dp :

mean pore diameter [m]

deq :

identical spherical diameter [m]

E:

erosion susceptibly constant

F:

fragility

f:

frequency [Hz]

f′:

fraction of proteins

G:

resuspension factor [s−1]

H:

hardness [N·m−2]

I:

power intensity [W·m−2]

J:

membrane permeate flux [m·s−1]

J0 :

initial permeate flux [m·s−1]

Jc, Ji, Js :

critical fluxes[m·s−1]

Jeq(x):

local equilibrium flux [m·s−1]

Kb :

complete blocking constant [s−1]

Kc :

cake filtration constant [s·m−2]

Ki :

partial blocking constant [m−1]

Ks :

internal blocking constant [m−1]

K:

constant related to the physical properties of the foulant [m·kg−1(m2·N−1)0.82]

k:

polytropic coefficient

kc :

cake filtration constant [kg·m−3]

L:

pore length [m]

mp :

mass of protein [kg·m−2]

NFc :

critical filtration number

Np :

number of pores per unit area of membrane

n:

available membrane pores

P:

pressure [Pa]

PC :

collapse pressure [Pa]

Q:

flow rate [m3·s−1]

Q blocked :

flow rate through the blocked area [m3·s−1]

Qopen :

flow rate through the clean membrane [m3·s−1]

R0 :

initial cluster radius [m]

Ra :

arithmetic roughness [m]

R:

membrane resistance [m−1]

R′:

specific protein layer resistance [m·kg−1]

Rpp0 :

resistance of a single protein aggregate [m−1]

Rpp :

resistance of protein deposit [m−1]

Rrs :

critical size of the cavitation bubble [m]

rc :

specific resistance of the cake layer [m−2]

S:

rate of erosion of cake per unit area [kg·m−2·s−1]

Sc :

wall velocity of the cluster [m·s−1]

s:

compressibility factor of the cake layer

T:

temperature [°C]

t:

time [s]

ti :

elapsed time[s]

V:

permeate volume [m3]

VCav :

volume of the cavitation bubble [m3]

vP :

flow velocity [m·s−1]

WCav :

energy within the cavities [J]

X0 :

volume fraction of particles in suspension

α :

pore blockage parameter [m2·kg−1]

aP :

particle radius [m]

β :

void fraction of the cluster

δ m :

membrane thickness [m]

δ f :

fouling layer thickness [m]

ε :

membrane porosity

ε 0 :

clean membrane porosity

ε f :

porosity of fouling layer

σ :

area of blocked membrane per unit of the permeate volume [m2·m−3]

σ C :

shear stress created by the collapse of the cavity cluster [Pa]

σ ER0S :

erosion stress [Pa]

μ :

viscosity of water [Pa·s]

θ :

fraction of energy transfer

α :

liquid density [kg·m−3]

ζ :

tangential particle flux [m·s−1]

γ :

shearrate[s−1]

ϕ :

absorption coefficient [m−1]

c:

cake layer

cp:

concentration polarization

d:

diamond

f:

fouling layer

g:

glass

ir:

irreversible

m:

membrane

p:

membrane pores

r:

reversible

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Acknowledgements

The authors greatly appreciate the financial support from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University to the present project. Technical support from personnel at Ryerson University is also highly regarded.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada

    Masoume Ehsani, Huu Doan & Ali Lohi

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  1. Masoume Ehsani
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Correspondence to Masoume Ehsani.

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Ehsani, M., Doan, H. & Lohi, A. A comprehensive review of membrane fouling and cleaning methods with emphasis on ultrasound-assisted fouling control processes. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 38, 1531–1555 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0832-2

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