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Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application

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Abstract

Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in industrial processes such as casting, welding, and solidification, etc. Recently, the room temperature liquid metal (RTLM) mainly composed of gallium-based alloys has caused widespread concerns due to its increasingly realized unique virtues. The surface properties of such materials are rather vital in nearly all applications involved from chip cooling, thermal energy harvesting, hydrogen generation, shape changeable soft machines, printed electronics to 3D fabrication, etc. owing to its pretty large surface tension of approximately 700 mN/m. In order to promote the research of surface tension of RTLM, this paper is dedicated to present an overview on the roles and mechanisms of surface tension of liquid metal and summarize the latest progresses on the understanding of the basic knowledge, theories, influencing factors and experimental measurement methods clarified so far. As a practical technique to regulate the surface tension of RTLM, the fundamental principles and applications of electrowetting are also interpreted. Moreover, the unique phenomena of RTLM surface tension issues such as surface tension driven selfactuation, modified wettability on various substrates and the functions of oxides are discussed to give an insight into the acting mechanism of surface tension. Furthermore, future directions worthy of pursuing are pointed out.

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Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by the Ministry of Education Equipment Development Fund, Dean’s Research Funding and the Frontier Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as Beijing Municipal Science (Grant No. Z151100003715002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Xi Zhao & Shuo Xu

  2. Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China

    Jing Liu

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Jing Liu

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  1. Xi Zhao
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  2. Shuo Xu
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  3. Jing Liu
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Correspondence to Jing Liu.

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Zhao, X., Xu, S. & Liu, J. Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application. Front. Energy 11, 535–567 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-017-0463-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-017-0463-9

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