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Implementation of mature tea leaves extract in bioinspired synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles: preparation, process optimization, characterization, and assessment of therapeutic potential

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Abstract

In recent years, the investigation of quick, efficient, and green method of metal nanoparticles synthesis has gained considerable importance in various dimensions of nanotechnology. But there are certain limitations to this emerging interest assize, morphology, and bioactivity of nanoparticles produced through green synthesis often varies greatly corresponding to the specific condition of metallic precursor and reducing agent. Current study intends to explore optimum condition like concentration of metallic precursor, plant extract (PLX), their volumetric ratio during biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) using aqueous extracts of mature tea leaves which is basically a waste product with no commercial importance and generally discarded after pruning of young leaves and buds. The study also deals with the characterization of nanoparticles synthesized at optimized condition, investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant propensity of the same. The optimal reactant concentration for biosynthesis of FeNPs was claimed to be10 mM FeCl3, 100 mg/mL plant extract and volumetric ratio of FeCl3:PLX = 10:1. The FeNPs obtained through this route had a spherical to irregular morphology with crystalline nature, average TEM and hydrodynamic size of 13.09 and 75.25 nm, respectively, having a zeta potential value of + 46.2 mV indicating strong stability. Synthesized FeNPs was found to be effective against wide range of soil microbes with highest activity against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) than gram-positive bacteria. Biosynthesized nanoparticles showed dose dependent antioxidant activity against all the tested parameters with highest against DPPH and least active against nitric oxide.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. In addition, the related datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

FeNPs:

Iron oxide nanoparticles

PLX:

Plant extracts

mM:

Millimolar

mV:

Millivolt

PDI:

Polydispersity index

nm:

Nanometer

Min:

Minute

g:

Gram

L:

Liter

FEG-SEM:

Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction analysis

FTIR:

Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DPPH:

2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

ABTS:

2, 2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

µL:

Microliter

mL:

Milliliter

mg:

Milligram

CFU:

Colony forming unit

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank SAIF, IIT Bombay and STIC, Cochin University of Science and Technology for assisting while conducting different instrumental analysis.

Funding

The author would like to thank Department of Science and Technology and Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal, India for financial assistance, Project Grant Number: [(263(Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/1G-65/2017)].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanobiology and Phytotherapy Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India

    Md Salman Haydar, Dipayan Das, Suravi Ghosh & Palash Mandal

  2. Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India

    Md Salman Haydar, Dipayan Das & Palash Mandal

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  1. Md Salman Haydar
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  2. Dipayan Das
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  4. Palash Mandal
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Contributions

First author (MSH) has conducted the overall experiment except antimicrobial potentiality assessment, carry out antioxidant test, analyzed the data and primarily drafted the manuscript. Second author (DD) supervised the antimicrobial work, performed software analysis for post processing of instrumental data. Third author (SG) assisted while performing process variation work, performed antimicrobial test against microbes. Corresponding author (PM) conceptualized the work, help in reviewing and revising the manuscript and data.

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Correspondence to Palash Mandal.

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Haydar, M.S., Das, D., Ghosh, S. et al. Implementation of mature tea leaves extract in bioinspired synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles: preparation, process optimization, characterization, and assessment of therapeutic potential. Chem. Pap. 76, 491–514 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01872-9

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