Abstract
In this work, an experimental study was conducted on the structural and dielectric properties for nickel-doped Pb1−xNixTiO3 (PNT) perovskite-based ceramics with varying nickel concentrations (x (wt) = 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 17%, and 20%). The ceramics were prepared using the hydrothermal process at low temperature, which was compared to the solid-state method. The precursors, in stoichiometric amounts, were placed in an alkaline environment using an autoclave and were heat-treated at 180°C for 24 h. The obtained powders underwent characterization after filtration, washing, and drying. X-ray diffraction analysis with Rietveld refinement highlighted that the powders crystallize in a tetragonal perovskite structure with P4mm space group and transform into a pseudo-cubic structure upon the introduction of nickel cations into the lattice. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the material structures at the micro level, revealing a homogeneous grain shape with a decrease in average grain size as the nickel concentration in the compound increased. Raman spectroscopy was employed to study the active phonon modes of the materials. The dielectric properties of the different Pb1−xNixTiO3 compositions were analyzed using dielectric spectroscopy in a temperature range from room temperature to 500°C, and at frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1.6 MHz. The results confirm the insertion of nickel cations into the PbTiO3 lattice and highlight the resulting enhanced dielectric constant (εr), transition temperature (TC), and dielectric loss (tan δ).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T.L. Ashwini Anantharaman, J.N. Ajeesha, and M.G. Baby, Effect of Structural, Electrical and Magneto-Optical Properties of CeMnxFe1-xO3-δ Perovskite Materials. Solid State Sci. 99, 105846 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2019.02.007.
A.K. Tomar, A. Joshi, G. Singh, and R.K. Sharma, Perovskite Oxides as Supercapacitive Electrode: Properties, Design and Recent Advances. Coord. Chem. Rev. 431, 213680 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213680.
D. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Li, Z. Liang, H. Xu, Z. Lv, X. Sang, and S. Li, Effect of BaO–CaO–SiO2 Addition on Dielectric and Electrocaloric Properties of Lead-Free 0.2Ba(Ti0.9Sn0.1)O3–0.8Ba(Zr0.18Ti0.82)O3 Bulk Ceramics. Solid State Sci. 119, 106684 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2021.106684.
L. Protesescu, S. Yakunin, M.I. Bodnarchuk, F. Krieg, R. Caputo, C.H. Hendon, R.X. Yang, A. Walsh, and M.V. Kovalenko, Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): Novel Optoelectronic Materials Showing Bright Emission with Wide Color Gamut. Nano Lett. 15(6), 3692 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5048779.
F. El Bachraoui, Y. Tamraoui, S. Louihi, J. Alami, R. Shahbazian-Yassar, Y. Yuan, K. Amine, and B. Manoun, Unusual Superparamagnetic Behavior in Bulk Ba0.198La0.784Ti0.096Fe0.8O3-δ. Mater. Res. Bull. 137, 111187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111187.
F. El Bachraoui, Z. Chchiyai, Y. Tamraoui, H. El Moussaoui, J. Alami, and B. Manoun, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Perovskite Materials: Ba0.3La0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3 and Ba0.1La0.9Ti0.1Fe0.9O3. J. Rare Earths 40(4), 652 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2021.05.008.
H.W. Shin and J.Y. Son, Ferroelectric Domain Wall Current Corresponding to Ferroelectric Domain Structures of BaTiO3 Nanodots Fabricated by Dip-Pen Nanolithography. Ceram. Int. 49(2), 2786 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.260.
P. Godara, A. Agarwal, N. Ahlawat, and S. Sanghi, Crystal Structure Refinement, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Sm Modified BiFeO3 Multiferroic. J. Mol. Struct. 1097, 207 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.05.022.
Su. Chao, X. Duan, J. Miao, Y. Zhong, W. Zhou, S. Wang, and Z. Shao, Mixed Conducting Perovskite Materials as Superior Catalysts for Fast Aqueous-Phase Advanced Oxidation: A Mechanistic Study. ACS Catal. 7(1), 388 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b02303.
P. Jena, D. Kumar, P.K. Patro, R.K. Lenka, and A.K. Singh, Structural Characterization and Electrical/Electrochemical Studies of Nd1-xBaxCo1-y(Fe, Ti)y O3-δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 03, y = 0, 02) Materials as Cathode for SOFCs Application. J. Solid-State Chem. 292, 121682 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121682.
T. Ahmed, S.A. Khan, J.H. Bae, M. Habib, F. Akram, S.Y. Choi, A. Hussain, T.K. Song, Y.S. Sung, M.-H. Kim, and S. Lee, Role of Bi Chemical Pressure on Electrical Properties of BiFeO3–BaTiO3–Based Ceramics. Solid State Sci. 114, 106562 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2021.106562.
M. Zouhairi, E. Elghadraoui, H. Bali, T. Lamcharfi, and A. Elbasset, Dielectric Properties of Hydrothermally Processed Pb1-xLaxTi1-x/4O3 Ceramics. Asian J. Chem. 29, 1056 (2017). https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2017.20406.
N.H. Patel, M. Shah, D.D. Shah, and P.K. Mehta, Effect of Doping in SrTiO3:BiFeO3 Binary System. Mater. Today Proc. 47, 517 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.173.
E.H. Lahrar, O.E.L. Ghadraoui, A. Harrach, M. Zouhairi, T. Lamcharfi, and E.H. el Ghadraoui, Influence of Strontium on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of Hydrothermally Processed PbTiO3 Ceramic. Asian J. Chem. 32, 597 (2020). https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22363.
E.H. Lahrar, O. el Ghadraoui, M. Zouhairi, A. Harrach, T. Lamcharfi, and E.H. el Ghadraoui, Synthesis and Structural and Dielectric Properties of Ca-Doped PbTiO3 Ceramics Prepared by a Hydrothermal Method. New J. Chem. 45, 13293 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1nj02693c.
N. Sareecha, W.A. Shah, M.L. Mirza, A.S. Saleemi, S.A. Tirmizi, and M.S. Awan, Fabrication and Electrical Investigations of PbTiO3 Ceramics with Pb/Ti Contents Through Solid State Sintering Reaction Method. Mater. Chem. Phys. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.04.058.
H.D. Shah, D.A. Dadhania, and J.A. Bhalodia, Synthesis, Structural, Ferroelectric, and Dielectric Properties of (1–x) PbTiO3 + (x) La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 & 0.3) Composite Samples. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 285, 115926 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2022.115926.
Y. Xiang, C. Chen, L. Tang, L. Qin, H. Zhu, and W. Cao, Dielectric, Elastic and Piezoelectric Properties of Single Domain Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–6.5%PbTiO3 Single Crystal with 3m Symmetry Measured Using One Sample. Scripta Mater. 194, 113634 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.113634.
B. Deka and S. Ravi, Study of Impedance Spectroscopy and Electric Modulus of PbTi1–xFexO3 (x = 0.0–0.3) Compounds. J. Alloys Compd. 720, 589 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.295.
Z. Chchiyai, F. El Bachraoui, Y. Tamraoui, E.M. Haily, L. Bih, A. Lahmar, M. El Marssi, J. Alami, and B. Manoun, Effect of Cobalt Doping on the Crystal Structure, Magnetic, Dielectric, Electrical and Optical Properties of PbTi1−xCoxO3-δ Perovskite Materials. J. Alloys Compd. 927, 166979 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166979.
H. Ed-Dnoub, O. el Ghadraoui, M. Zouhairi, A. Harrach, T. Lamcharfi, and E. H. el Ghadraoui (2019) Study of structural and dielectric properties of Nickel-doped BaTiO3 material. Mediterr. J. Chem. 8, 228. https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc8319051802hed.
A. Blanco, J. Caroca, R. Tamayo, M. Flores, M. Romero-Sáez, R. Espinoza-González, and F. Gracia, CO2 methanation activity of Ni-doped perovskites. Fuel 320, 123954 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123954.
L. Lutterotti, R. Vasin, and H.R. Wenk, Rietveld texture analysis from synchrotron diffraction images. I. Calibration and basic analysis. Powder Diffract. 29, 76 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715613001346.
G. Caglioti, A. Paoletti, and F.P. Ricci, Choice of collimators for a crystal spectrometer for neutron diffraction. Nucl. Instrum. 3(4), 223 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1016/0369-643X(58)90029-X.
J. Joseph, T.M. Vimala, V. Sivasubramanian, and V.R.K. Murthy, Structural investigations on Pb(ZrxT1−x)O3 solid solutions using the X-ray Rietveld method. J. Mater. Sci. 35, 1571 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004778223721.
G. Burns and B.A. Scott, Lattice Modes in Ferroelectric Perovskites: PbTiO3. Phys. Rev. B 7, 3088 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.7.3088.
A. Singh, K. Sreenivas, R.S. Katiyar, and V. Gupta, Evidence of Pseudocubic Structure in Sol–Gel Derived Pb1−xCaxTiO3 (x=035–048) Ceramic by Dielectric and Raman Spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 074110 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2785843.
A. Kiraci and H. Yurtseven, Calculation of the Raman Frequency, Damping Constant (Linewidth) and the Relaxation Time Near the Tetragonal-Cubic Transition in PbTiO3. Optik 142, 311 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.06.011.
J.S. Forrester, J.S. Zobec, D. Phelan, and E.H. Kisi, Synthesis of PbTiO3 Ceramics Using Mechanical Alloying and Solid-State Sintering. J. Solid-State Chem. 177, 3553 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2004.06.005.
D. Zheng, H. Deng, S. Si, Y. Pan, Q. Zhang, Y. Guo, P. Yang, and J. Chu, Modified structural, optical, magnetic and ferroelectric properties in (1–x)BaTiO3-xBaCo0.5Nb0.5O3-δ ceramics. Ceram. Int. 46(5), 6073 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.068.
J. Singh and R.C. Singh, Structural, Optical, Dielectric and Transport Properties of Ball Mill Synthesized ZnO–V2O5 Nano-Composites. J. Mol. Struct. 1215, 128261 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128261.
Z. Chchiyai, F. El Bachraoui, Y. Tamraoui, L. Bih, A. Lahmar, A. Faik, J. Alami, and B. Manoun, Synthesis, Structural Refinement and Physical Properties of Novel Perovskite Ceramics Ba1-xBixTi1-xMnxO3 (x = 03 and 04). Mater. Chem. Phys. 262, 124302 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124302.
S. Rani, N. Ahlawat, R. Punia, K.M. Sangwan, and S. Rani, Dielectric Relaxation and Conduction Mechanism of Complex Perovskite Ca0.9Sr0.1Cu3Ti3.95Zn0.05O12 ceramic. Ceram. Int. 44, 5996 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.187.
K. Parida and R.N.P. Choudhary, Structural, Electrical, and Magnetic Characteristics of Chemically Synthesized Lead-Free Double Perovskite: BiMgFeCeO6. J. Supercond. Novel Magnet. 33, 3493–3500 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-020-05605-z.
P. Kumar, B.P. Singh, T.P. Sinha, and N.K. Singh, Dielectric and impedance properties of Sr(Sm0.5Nb0.5)O3 ceramics. Solid State Sci. 13, 2060 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.09.011.
B. Mohanty, S. Bhattacharjee, S.N. Sarangi, N.C. Nayak, R.K. Parida, and B.N. Parida, Dielectric, electrical and magnetic characteristics of BST modified BLFO lead free ceramic. J. Alloy. Compd. 863, 158060 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158060.
L. Mrharrab, Y. Ababou, S. Sayouri, and E. Ech-Chamikh, Structural and Dielectric Characterizations of Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 Ceramics. Int. Rev. Phys. 65, 1 (2014).
A. Badreldin, A.E. Abusrafa, and A. Abdel-Wahab, Oxygen-Deficient Perovskites for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media: A Review. Emergent Mater. 3, 567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-020-00123-z/Published.
D. Viehland, M. Wuttig, and L.E. Cross, The Glassy Behavior of Relaxor Ferroelectrics. Ferroelectrics 120, 71 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199108216802.
L.H. Omari, L. Hajji, M. Haddad, T. Lamhasni, and C. Jama, Synthesis, Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of La-Modified Lead Iron Titanate Ceramics for NTCR Thermo-Resistance-Based Sensors. Mater. Chem. Phys. 223, 60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.10.035.
A. Bendahhou, P. Marchet, A. El-Houssaine, S. El Barkany, and M. Abou-Salama, Relationship Between Structural and Dielectric Properties of Zn-Substituted Ba5CaTi2−xZnxNb8O30 Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze. Cryst. Eng. Commun. 23, 163 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CE01561J.
M. Ren, X. Qian, Y. Chen, T. Wang, and Y. Zhao, Potential Lead Toxicity and Leakage Issues on Lead Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics. J. Hazard. Mater. 426, 127848 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127848.
G. Schileo and G. Grancini, Lead or No Lead? Availability, Toxicity, Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. J. Mater. Chem. 9, 67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC04552G.
A. Elbasset, T. Lamcharfi, F. Abdi, L. Mrharrab, and S. Sayouri, Effect of doping with cobalt or copper on the structure of lead titanate PT. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8, 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1745/ijst/2015/v8i12/56348.
B. Elouadi, M. Zriouil, J. Ravez, and P. Hagenmuller, Comparative study of Crystallographic and Ferroelectric Properties of the Non-stoichiometric LiNbO3 Type Phases in the Ternary Diagrams Li2O-M2O5-(M’O2)2 (M=Nb, Ta; M’=Ti, Zr). Ferroelectrics 56, 21 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198408012710.
P. Dubernet, and J. Ravez, Dielectric Study of KNbO3 Ceramics over a Large Range of Frequency (102–109Hz) and Temperature (300–800 K). Ferroelectrics 211, 51 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199808232333.
Fu. Chenjie, N. Chen, and Du. Guoping, Comparative Studies of Nickel Doping Effects at A and B Sites of BaTiO3 Ceramics on Their Crystal Structures and Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties. Ceram. Int. 43(17), 15927 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.169.
C. Rayssi, S.E. Kossi, J. Dhahri, and K. Khirouni, Frequency and Temperature-Dependence of Dielectric Permittivity and Electric Modulus Studies of the Solid Solution Ca0.85Er0.1Ti1−xCo4x/3O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 01). RSC Adv. 8(31), 17139 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA00794B.
N. Kumar and S. Chand, Effects of Temperature, Bias and Frequency on the Dielectric Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Ni/SiO2/p-Si/Al MIS Schottky Diodes. J. Alloy. Compd. 817, 153294 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153294.
T. Garg, M. Saleem, N. Kaurav, P. Choudhary, and A. Yadav, The Co1−xZnxCr2O4 [x = 00, 01] Chromite System: A Study of Structural and Frequency Dependent Room Temperature Dielectric Properties. Mater. Today: Proc. 1, 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.539.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sakout, Y., El Ghadraoui, O., Lahrar, E.H. et al. Structural, Microstructural, and Dielectric Properties of Nickel-Doped PbTiO3 Ceramics Synthesized by the Hydrothermal Process. J. Electron. Mater. 53, 141–156 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10741-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10741-y