Abstract
The coastal ocean receives nutrient pollutants from various sources, such as aerosols, municipal sewage, industrial effluents and groundwater discharge, with variable concentrations and stoichiometric ratios. The objective of this study is to examine the response of phytoplankton to these pollutants in the coastal water under silicate-rich and silicate-poor coastal waters. In order to achieve this, a microcosm experiment was conducted by adding the pollutants from various sources to the coastal waters during November and January, when the water column physicochemical characteristics are different. Low salinity and high silicate concentration were observed during November due to the influence of river discharge contrasting to that observed during January. Among the various sources of pollutants used, aerosols and industrial effluents did not contribute silicate whereas groundwater and municipal sewage contained high concentrations of silicate along with nitrate and phosphate during both the study periods. During November, an increase in phytoplankton biomass was noticed in all pollutant-added samples, except municipal sewage, due to the limitation of growth by nitrate. On the other hand, an increase in biomass and abundance of phytoplankton was observed in all pollutant-added samples, except for aerosol, during January. Increase in phytoplankton abundance associated with decrease in biomass was observed in aerosol-added sample due to co-limitation of silicate and phosphate during January. A significant response of Thalassiothrix sp. was observed for industrial effluent–added sample during November, whereas Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema sp. increased significantly during January. Higher increase in phytoplankton biomass was observed during November associated with higher availability of silicate in the coastal waters in January. Interestingly, an increase in the contribution of dinoflagellates was observed during January associated with low silicate in the coastal waters, suggesting that the concentration of silicate in the coastal waters determines the response of the phytoplankton group to pollutant inputs. This study suggested that silicate concentration in the coastal waters must be considered, in addition to the coastal currents, while computing dilution factors for the release of pollutants to the coastal ocean to avoid occurrence of unwanted phytoplankton blooms.
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Data availability
The data is derived through laboratory experiments, and all the data is presented in the manuscript. The data are available upon request to the corresponding author by email (sarmav@nio.org).
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Director INCOIS for funding the project entitled “Visakhapatnam Coastal time-series Observatory to monitor biogeochemical processes”. We would like to thank Mr Dipin and Satyanarayana for their help in nutrient analysis. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments to improve the presentation of our results. This has NIO contribution number is 7226.
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Sharma, A., Sarma, V.V.S.S. Response of coastal phytoplankton to pollution from various sources in the coastal Bay of Bengal. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33354-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33354-2