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Decadal variations in natural and anthropogenic aerosol optical depth over the Bay of Bengal: the influence of pollutants from Indo-GangeticPlain

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Abstract

Perennial increase in atmospheric pollution over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and South China Sea is reported due to increase in human population and industrial activity in South and Southeast Asia. Based on total aerosol optical depth (AOD) derived from MODIS (moderate resolution imaging resolution imaging spectroradiometer), natural and anthropogenic fractions were derived. The seasonality and spatial variability in rate of increase in total, natural, and anthropogenic AOD fractions were examined over the BoB using data collected between 2001 and 2019. Both total and anthropogenic AOD displayed statistically significant rate of increase in the northwest BoB (NWB) and western coastal BoB (WCB) regions during 2001 to 2019 whereas the long-term changes are insignificant in the other regions of BoB. Significant increase in AOD in the NWB and WCB regions is mainly contributed by dominant outflow of anthropogenic emissions from Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) area of Indian subcontinent. The magnitude of AOD decreased by half from northern BoB to equatorial region due to increase in distance from the source region. The contribution of anthropogenic AOD was >70% to total AOD with higher contribution during winter and lower during summer. The rate of increase in both total and anthropogenic AOD was close to 0.104 and 0.099 per decade in the NWB and 0.069 and 0.059 per decade in the WCB region between 2001 and 2019. The rate of increase in total and anthropogenic AOD decreased from 2001–2009 (0.164 and 0.115 per decade respectively) to 2010–2019 (0.068 and 0.076 per decade respectively) in the NWB region. Significant increase in anthropogenic AOD by 50 and 30% was observed during El Niño and La Niña periods respectively than normal year in both northwest BoB (NWB) and western coastal (WCB) regions due to change in strength and direction of winds. Although some fraction of anthropogenic AOD is found over the entire BoB, significant rate of increase in anthropogenic AOD is found only about 23% of the area of BoB than hitherto reported as entire BoB. The impact of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic aerosols on biogeochemical processes, such as primary production and ocean acidification, needs further evaluation.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank NASA Earth Science division for making available MODIS on their website to conduct this study. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewer for their critical review and suggestion on our manuscript. We would like to thank Director, CSIR-NIO and Scientist-In-Charge, Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam, for their encouragement and support. This has NIO contribution number of 6749.

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  1. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530017, India

    K. Yadav, B. Sridevi & V.V.S.S. Sarma

  2. ESSO-National Centre for Coastal Research, Chennai, India

    V.D. Rao

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Dona Paula, Goa, India

    V.V.S.S. Sarma

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Contributions

KY—processing of total AOD data, preparation of figures, and initial manuscript preparation

VDR—computation of natural, and anthropogenic contribution of AOD, preparation of figures, and discussion during manuscript preparation

SB—processing of AOD data, preparing trends, and involved in manuscript preparation

VVSS—concept of the work, and guidance and finalizing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to V.V.S.S. Sarma.

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Yadav, K., Rao, V., Sridevi, B. et al. Decadal variations in natural and anthropogenic aerosol optical depth over the Bay of Bengal: the influence of pollutants from Indo-GangeticPlain. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 55202–55219 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14703-x

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