Abstract
Water plays an essential role in sustaining life on Earth as an indispensable natural resource. In recent decades, dependence on groundwater for domestic and industrial purposes has become inevitable. The Ranipet industrial environs (RIE) has many tanneries and chemical industries, which affects the groundwater quality. This study assessed groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic, agricultural, and human health risk assessments. 40 groundwater samples (28 open wells and 12 bore wells) were collected during pre-monsoon 2022 and analyzed by employing multivariate statistics, standard scatter plots, irrigation indices, and health risk assessment. The results of hydrogeochemical analysis and multivariate statistics affirmed that electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) have controlled the hydrochemistry of RIE. Cadmium (Cd) at 46% and chromium (Cr) at 33% have contaminated the groundwater in the study area, making it unsuitable for human consumption and irrigation. The agricultural indices analysis results show groundwater quality ranging from very poor to unsuitable making it unsuitable and also affects crop productivity. Hazard index (HI) results infer that Cr and Cd severely contaminated the RIE’s groundwater, encompassing 14 villages, making the groundwater unfit for drinking, domestic use, and irrigation. Hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis revealed that 2 in 100 infants and 3 in 1000 people over the age of 63 are likely to develop cancer due to Cr and Cd in the REI. This is a need-of-the-hour problem, addressing this issue with preventive measures to ensure the protection of groundwater sources will lead to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).
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Loganathan Krishnamoorthy: sample collection, investigation, experimental, writing—original draft, visualization, software analysis, conceptualization, editing; Vignesh Rajkumar Lakshmanan: manuscript technical corrections and suggestion, review and editing, supervision.
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Highlights
• Groundwater contaminated with heavy metals (Cr and Cd) is unfit for irrigation and human usage.
• Significant carcinogenic risks are indicated by the hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), especially for groups of people that are more susceptible.
• Human health risk is assessed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in industrial environs.
• HCA is used to group the samples based on hydrogeochemical analysis and their possible threat to human health risk.
• The results of this study will be a baseline to protect the environment and public health; immediate action is required to enhance groundwater quality sustainably.
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Krishnamoorthy, L., Lakshmanan, V.R. Evaluating hydrogeochemistry and heavy metal contamination of groundwater at Ranipet environs: employing multivariate statistics, agricultural indices, and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 28253–28278 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32928-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32928-4