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Evaluation of the hydrochemistry of groundwater at Jhelum Basin, Punjab, Pakistan

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Abstract

This study investigates the hydrochemistry of the Mandi Baha-Ud-Din district, which is an important part of the Jhelum Basin. The study area is highly populated with low facilities in the provision of clean drinking water. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map the spatial variability of different physicochemical parameters. A total of 59 analysed groundwater samples indicated that the ionic concentration was in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for major cations and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F− > CO32− for anions. Traces of arsenic and other toxic elements were found in the vicinity of the industrial zone, but they are well below the designated thresholds. The bivariate Gibbs diagram illustrates that 75–80% of samples fall in the rock-water interaction zone, and the rest of the samples lie in the rock-water interaction and evaporation processes. Piper’s plot revealed that seven samples were dominated by alkaline earth metals, seven samples showed the nature of alkalies, and the rest of the samples showed mixed character. Final water quality index (82) shows that the water quality is generally “good”, per the NSFWQI classification. This paper illustrates hydrochemical facies along with a natural mechanism controlling overall water chemistry.

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Acknowledgements

The field sampling and laboratory testing in this work were done during the first author’s master study at the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Data analysis, GIS mapping, and manuscript drafting were conducted in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The first author is highly thankful to his previous university (University of the Punjab, Lahore) for providing a good platform, and lab technician (Muhammad Khalid) for his great efforts and assistance in lab testing. The first author is also highly thankful to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, for providing scholarship. The research work described herein was also funded by “The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program” in 2019 (Grant No. 2019CX01G338), Guangdong Province and the Research Funding of Shantou University for New Faculty Member (Grant No. NTF19024-2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Mohsin Abbas

  2. MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China

    Shui-Long Shen

  3. State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China

    Hai-Min Lyu

  4. Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Victoria, 3001, Australia

    Shui-Long Shen & Annan Zhou

  5. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Sajid Rashid

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Abbas, M., Shen, SL., Lyu, HM. et al. Evaluation of the hydrochemistry of groundwater at Jhelum Basin, Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Earth Sci 80, 300 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09579-6

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