Abstract
Non-uniform, non-spherical bismuth oxide deposited on titanium vanadium oxide (3%-BVT1) was successfully synthesized via co-precipitation method and assessed for visible light degradation of aqueous diclofenac. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Up to 80.7% diclofenac degradation was observed with a significant increment in reaction rate compared to commercially available Degussa P25 (kapp = 0.0013 → 0.0083 min−1) achieved within 3 h treatment time under optimized parameters of diclofenac concentration (10 mg L−1), catalyst loading (0.1 g L−1), and pH (5). The enhanced photocatalysis could be due to electron–hole separation and contribution of powerful oxidative species •OH > O2•− > h+ > > e−. The recyclability experiments indicate that 3%-BVT1 retained its efficiency up to 74.1% over five reaction cycles. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated the formation of several transformation products during the degradation pathway. The studies of interfering ions depicted mild interference by sulfates, while interference by phosphates and nitrates was negligible during photocatalytic process, i.e., 70, 78.01, and 78.43% for the selected concentrations of 50, 25, and 40 mg L−1 as per their maximum concentrations detected in the natural wastewaters. Thus, 3%-BVT1 is a potential versatile candidate to treat various organic pollutants including pharmaceuticals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Dief A, Mohamed W (2017) α-Bi2O3 nanorods: synthesis, characterization, and UV-photocatalytic activity. Mater Res Express 4(3):035039. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/aa6712/meta
Ahmadpour N, Sayadi MH, Homaeigohar S (2020) A hierarchical Ca/TiO2/NH2-MIL-125 nanocomposite photocatalyst for solar visible light induced photodegradation of organic dye pollutants in water. RSC Adv 10(50):29808–29820. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05192f
Ajibola AS, Fawole ST, Ajibola FO, Adewuyi GO (2021) Diclofenac and ibuprofen determination in sewage sludge using a QuEChERS approach: occurrence and ecological risk assessment in three Nigerian wastewater treatment plants. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 106(4):690–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03139-1
Akbarzadeh R, Umbarkar SB, Sonawane RS, Takle S, Dongare MK (2010) Vanadia-titania thin films for photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde in sunlight. Appl Catal A: Gen 374(1–2):103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.11.035
Al-abidy M, Al-nayili A (2023) Enhancement of photocatalytic activities of ZnFe2O4 composite by incorporating halloysite nanotubes for effective elimination of aqueous organic pollutants. Environ Monit Assess 195(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10811-4
Ali S, Lee J, Kim H, Hwang Y, Razzaq A, Jung JW, Cho CH, In SIl (2020) Sustained, photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 in a continuous flow reactor by earth-abundant materials: reduced titania-Cu2O Z-scheme heterostructures. Appl Catal B: Environ 279:119344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119344
Anandan S, Sivasankar T, Lana-Villarreal T (2014) Synthesis of TiO2/WO3 nanoparticles via sonochemical approach for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light illumination. Ultrason Sonochem 21(6):1964–1968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.02.015
Anucha CB, Altin I, Bacaksız E, Kucukomeroglu T, Belay MH, Stathopoulos VN (2021) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of CuWO4 doped TiO2 photocatalyst towards carbamazepine removal under UV irradiation. Separations 8(3):1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8030025
Aycan İÖ, Elpek Ö, Akkaya B, Kıraç E, Tuzcu H, Kaya S, Coşkunfırat N, Aslan M (2018) Diclofenac induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity is alleviated by thymoquinone treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 118:795–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.038
Bao J, Zhou M, Zeng Y, Bai L, Zhang X, Xu K, Xie Y (2013) Li0.3V2O5 with high lithium diffusion rate: a promising anode material for aqueous lithium-ion batteries with superior rate performance. J Mater Chem A 1(17):5423–5429. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta01548c
Bibi M, Rashid J, Malik M, Iqbal A, Xu M (2023) Physicochemical analysis and detection of exceptionally high diclofenac concentration in the pharmaceutical wastewaters collected from the production units of national industrial zone, Rawat, Pakistan. Appl Water Sci 13(7):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01954-x
Bonnefille B, Gomez E, Courant F, Escande A, Fenet H (2018) Diclofenac in the marine environment: a review of its occurrence and effects. Mar Pollut Bull 131:496–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.053
Boukhatem H, Khalaf H, Djouadi L, Marin Z, Navarro RM, Santaballa JA, Canle M (2017) Diclofenac degradation using mont-La (6%)-Cu0.6Cd0.4S as photocatalyst under NUV-Vis irradiation. Operational parameters, kinetics and mechanism. J Environ Chem Eng 5(6):5636–5644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.10.054
Chen Y, Chen C, Chen W, Liu H, Zhu J (2015) Influence of thermal-decomposition temperatures on structures and properties of V2O5 as cathode materials for lithium ion battery. Prog Nat Sci: Mater 25(1):42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2015.01.015
Chu D, Younis A, Li S (2012) Enhancement of resistance switching in electrodeposited Co-ZnO films. ISRN Nanotechnol 2012:1–4. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/705803
Cui Y, Ma Q, Deng X, Meng Q, Cheng X, Xie M, Li X, Cheng Q, Liu H (2017) Fabrication of Ag-Ag2O/reduced TiO2 nanophotocatalyst and its enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic performance for degradation of diclofenac solution. Appl Catal B: Environ 206:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATB.2017.01.014
Das L, Barodia SK, Sengupta S, Basu JK (2015) Aqueous degradation kinetics of pharmaceutical drug diclofenac by photocatalysis using nanostructured titania–zirconia composite catalyst. IJEST 12(1):317–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0466-y
Elangovan M, Bharathaiyengar SM, PonnanEttiyappan J (2021) Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using TiO2-CdS heterojunction catalysts under visible light irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(14):18186–18200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11538-w
Fellah I, Djellabi R, Ben Amor H, Hamdi N, Ordonez MF, Bianchi CL (2023) Enhanced photocatalytic kinetics using HDTMA coated TiO2-smectite composite for the oxidation of diclofenac under solar light. Catalysts 13(1):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010051
Gabrielsson P, Pedersen HG (2008) Flue gases from stationary sources. In: Ertl G, Knözinger H, Schüth F, Weitkamp J (eds) Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, vol 5, pp 2345–2385. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610044.hetcat0121
Gharbani P, Mehrizad A, Mosavi SA (2022) Optimization, kinetics and thermodynamics studies for photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue using cadmium selenide nanoparticles. NPJ Clean Water 5(1):34
Haider AJ, Jameel ZN, Al-Hussaini IHM (2019) Review on: Titanium dioxide applications. Energy Procedia 157:17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.159
Han F, Ye X, Chen Q, Long H, Rao Y (2020) The oxidative degradation of diclofenac using the activation of peroxymonosulfate by BiFeO3 microspheres—kinetics, role of visible light and decay pathways. Sep Purif Technol 232:115967. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2019.115967
He D, Yang Y, Tang J, Zhou K, Chen W, Chen Y, Dong Z (2019) Synergistic effect of TiO2-CuWO4 on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(12):12359–12367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04686-1
He F, Zhu B, Cheng B, Yu J, Ho W, Macyk W (2020) 2D/2D/0D TiO2/C3N4/Ti3C2 MXene composite S-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced CO2 reduction activity. Appl Catal B: Environ 272:119006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119006
Hu P, Hu P, Vu TD, Li M, Wang S, Ke Y, Zeng X, Mai L, Long Y (2023) Vanadium oxide: phase diagrams, structures, synthesis, and applications. Chem Rev 123(8):4353–4415. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00546
Huang Y, Wei Y, Wang J, Luo D, Fan L, Wu J (2017) Controllable fabrication of Bi2O3/TiO2 heterojunction with excellent visible-light responsive photocatalytic performance. Appl Surf Sci 423:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.158
Hussain M, Ceccarelli R, Marchisio DL, Fino D, Russo N, Geobaldo F (2010) Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application of novel TiO2 nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 157(1):45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.043
Jallouli N, Elghniji K, Trabelsi H, Ksibi M (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol on TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2/cellulosic fiber under UV and sunlight irradiation. Arab J Chem 10:S3640–S3645
Jayaraj SK, Sadishkumar V, Arun T, Thangadurai P (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of V2O5 nanorods for the photodegradation of organic dyes: a detailed understanding of the mechanism and their antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Semicond 85:122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2018.06.006
Jebaranjitham JN, Kumar BG (2020) Heterogeneous type-I and type-II catalysts for the degradation of pollutants. In: Naushad Mu, Rajendran S, Lichtfouse E (eds) Green Photocatalysts. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 209–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15608-4_9
Jubu PR, Obaseki OS, Nathan-Abutu A, Yam FK, Yusof Y, Ochang MB (2022) Dispensability of the conventional Tauc’s plot for accurate bandgap determination from UV–vis optical diffuse reflectance data. Results Opt 9:100273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2022.100273
Kameli S, Mehrizad A (2019) Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of Ag-ZnS/rGO and its utilization in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 95(2):512–521
Kargar F, Bemani A, Sayadi MH, Ahmadpour N (2021) Synthesis of modified beta bismuth oxide by titanium oxide and highly efficient solar photocatalytic properties on hydroxychloroquine degradation and pathways. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 419:113453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113453
Kashif N, Ouyang F (2009) Parameters effect on heterogeneous photocatalysed degradation of phenol in aqueous dispersion of TiO2. J Environ Sci 21(4):527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62303-7
Keen OS, Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Dotson AD, Linden KG (2013) Dimer formation during UV photolysis of diclofenac. Chemosphere 93(9):1948–1956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.079
Khan H, Berk D (2014) Characterization and mechanistic study of Mo+6 and V+5 codoped TiO2 as a photocatalyst. J Photochem Photobiol A:Chem 294:96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.08.007
Khasraghi NA, Zare K, Mehrizad A, Modirshahla N, Behnajady MA (2021) Zeolite 4A supported CdS/g-C3N4 type-II heterojunction: a novel visible-light-active ternary nanocomposite for potential photocatalytic degradation of cefoperazone. J Mol Liq 342:117479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117479
Lee JH, Kim JM, Kim JH, Jang YR, Kim JA, Yeon SH, Lee SY (2016) Toward ultrahigh-capacity V2O5 lithium-ion battery cathodes via one-pot synthetic route from precursors to electrode sheets. Adv Mater Interfaces 3(14):1600173. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201600173
Li K, Li S, Zhang J, Feng Z, Li C (2017) Preparation and stabilization of γ-Bi2O3 photocatalyst by adding surfactant and its photocatalytic performance. Mater Res Express 4(6):065902. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa7368
Liang Z, Cao Y, Li Y, Xie J, Guo N, Jia D (2016) Solid-state chemical synthesis of rod-like fluorine-doped β-Bi2O3 and their enhanced photocatalytic property under visible light. Appl Surf Sci 390:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.085
Liu F, Liang J, Chen L, Tong M, Liu W (2019) Photocatalytic removal of diclofenac by Ti doped BiOI microspheres under visible light irradiation: kinetics, mechanism, and pathways. J Mol Liq 275:807–814
López R, Gómez R (2012) Band-gap energy estimation from diffuse reflectance measurements on sol-gel and commercial TiO2: a comparative study. J Solgel Sci Technol 61(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2582-9
Ma HY, Zhao L, Guo LH, Zhang H, Chen FJ, Yu WC (2019) Roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol and its main toxic intermediates by TiO2/UV. J Hazard Mater 369:719–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.080
Madhavan J, Grieser F, Ashokkumar M (2010) Combined advanced oxidation processes for the synergistic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous environments. J Hazard Mater 178(1–3):202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.064
Mahmoodi V, Rohani TB, Ahmadpour A (2022) Solar energy harvesting by magneticsemiconductor nanoheterostructure in water treatment technology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:8268–8285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1224-y
Mehinto AC, Hill EM, Tyler CR (2010) Uptake and biological effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical diclofenac in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Sci Technol 44(6):2176–2182. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903702m
Mehrizad A, Gharbani P (2016) Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using nano-TiO2/UV process: optimization by response surface methodology. Prog Color 9(2):135–143
Meng A, Zhang L, Cheng B, Yu J (2019) Dual cocatalysts in TiO2 photocatalysis. Adv Mater 31:30. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807660. (Wiley-VCH Verlag)
Michael I, Achilleos A, Lambropoulou D, Torrens VO, Pérez S, Petrović M, Barceló D, Fatta-Kassinos D (2014) Proposed transformation pathway and evolution profile of diclofenac and ibuprofen transformation products during (sono)photocatalysis. Appl Catal B: Environ 147:1015–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.10.035
Moctezuma E, Leyva E, Lara-Pérez C, Noriega S, Martínez-Richa A (2020) TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac: intermediates and total reaction mechanism. Top Catal 63(5–6):601–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-020-01262-7
Moosavi S, Li RYM, Lai CW, Yusof Y, Gan S, Akbarzadeh O, ..., Johan MR (2020) Methylene blue dye photocatalytic degradation over synthesised Fe3O4/AC/TiO2 nano-catalyst: degradation and reusability studies. Nanomater 10(12):2360
Moreno-Opo R, Carapeto R, Casimiro R, Rubio C, Muñoz B, Moreno I, Aymerich M (2021) The veterinary use of diclofenac and vulture conservation in Spain: updated evidence and socio-ecological implications. Sci Total Environ 796:148851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148851
Mugunthan E, Saidutta MB, Jagadeeshbabu PE (2018) Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using TiO2-WO3 mixed oxide catalysts. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 10:322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2018.07.012
Mugunthan E, Saidutta MB, Jagadeeshbabu PE (2019) Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using TiO2–SnO2 mixed oxide catalysts. Environ Technol (UK) 40(7):929–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1411398
Oliveros AN, Pimentel JAI, de Luna MDG, Garcia-Segura S, Abarca RRM, Doong RA (2021) Visible-light photocatalytic diclofenac removal by tunable vanadium pentoxide/boron-doped graphitic carbon nitride composite. Chem Eng J 403:126213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126213
Omrani E, Ahmadpour A, Heravi M, Bastami TR (2022) Novel ZnTi LDH/h-BN nanocomposites for removal of two different organic contaminants: simultaneous visible light photodegradation of Amaranth and Diazepam. J Water Process Eng 47:102581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102581
Pardeshi SK, Patil AB (2008) A simple route for photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous zinc oxide suspension using solar energy. Sol Energy 82(8):700–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.02.007
Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, Mlsna T, Pittman CU, Mohan D (2019) Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods. Chem Rev 119(6):3510–3673. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299
Pérez-Alvarez I, Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM, Barceló D, López De Alda M, Pérez Solsona S, Sánchez-Aceves L, SanJuan-Reyes N, Galar-Martínez M (2018) Determination of metals and pharmaceutical compounds released in hospital wastewater from Toluca, Mexico, and evaluation of their toxic impact. Environ Pollut 240:330–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.116
Perisic DJ, Gilja V, Stankov MN, Katancic Z, Kusic H, Stangar UL, Dionysiou DD, Bozic AL (2016) Removal of diclofenac from water by zeolite-assisted advanced oxidation processes. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 321:238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.01.030
Qaid SMH, Ghaithan HM, Bawazir HS, Bin Ajaj AF, AlHarbi KK, Aldwayyan AS (2023) Successful growth of TiO2 nanocrystals with 001 facets for solar cells. Nanomaterials 13(5):928. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050928
Qiang C, Li N, Zuo S, Guo Z, Zhan W, Li Z, Ma J (2022) Microwave-assisted synthesis of RuTe2/black TiO2 photocatalyst for enhanced diclofenac degradation: performance, mechanistic investigation and intermediates analysis. Sep Purif Technol 283:120214. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2021.120214
Ramanavicius S, Tereshchenko A, Karpicz R, Ratautaite V, Bubniene U, Maneikis A, Jagminas A, Ramanavicius A (2020) TiO2-x/TiO2-structure based ‘self-heated’ sensor for the determination of some reducing gases. Sensors Switzerland) 20(1):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010074
Ramírez-Morales D, Masís-Mora M, Montiel-Mora JR, Cambronero-Heinrichs JC, Briceño-Guevara S, Rojas-Sánchez CE, Méndez-Rivera M, Arias-Mora V, Tormo-Budowski R, Brenes-Alfaro L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE (2020) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hazard assessment and ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater treatment plants in Costa Rica. Sci Total Environ 746:141200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141200
Rasheed T, Ahmad N, Nawaz S, Sher F (2020) Photocatalytic and adsorptive remediation of hazardous environmental pollutants by hybrid nanocomposites. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 2:100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100037
Rashid J, Barakat MA, Ruzmanova Y, Chianese A (2015) Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol in simulated wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(4):3149–3157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3598-9
Rashid J, Karim S, Kumar R, Barakat MA, Akram B, Hussain N, Bin H, Bin XuM (2020) A facile synthesis of bismuth oxychloride-graphene oxide composite for visible light photocatalysis of aqueous diclofenac sodium. Sci Rep 10(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71139-y
Ribeiro S, Torres T, Martins R, Santos MM (2015) Toxicity screening of diclofenac, propranolol, sertraline and simvastatin using danio rerio and paracentrotus lividus embryo bioassays. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 114:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.008
Sahu RS, Shih YH, Chen WL (2021) New insights of metal free 2D graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol. J Hazard Mater 402:123509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123509
Schneider K (2020) Optical properties and electronic structure of V2O5, V2O3 and VO2. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 31(13):10478–10488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03596-0
Schwarz S, Schmieg H, Scheurer M, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R (2017) Impact of the NSAID diclofenac on survival, development, behaviour and health of embryonic and juvenile stages of brown trout, Salmo trutta f. fario. Sci Total Environ 607–608:1026–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.042
Selvam K, Muruganandham M, Muthuvel I, Swaminathan M (2007) The influence of inorganic oxidants and metal ions on semiconductor sensitized photodegradation of 4-fluorophenol. Chem Eng J 128(1):51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.07.016
Singh S, Sahoo RK, Shinde NM, Yun JM, Mane RS, Chung W, Kim KH (2019) Asymmetric faradaic assembly of Bi2O3 and MnO2 for a high-performance hybrid electrochemical energy storage device. RSC Adv 9(55):32154–32164. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06331e
Sood S, Mehta SK, Sinha ASK, Kansal SK (2016) Bi2O3/TiO2 heterostructures: synthesis, characterization and their application in solar light mediated photocatalyzed degradation of an antibiotic, ofloxacin. Chem Eng J 290:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.01.017
Sun J, Ge C, Yao X, Zou W, Hong X, Tang C, Dong L (2017) Influence of different impregnation modes on the properties of CuO–CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for NO reduction by CO. Appl Surf Sci 426:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.069
Tian B, Li C, Gu F, Jiang H, Hu Y, Zhang J (2009) Flame sprayed V-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Chem Eng J 151(1–3):220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.030
Turkten N, Cinar Z, Tomruk A, Bekbolet M (2019) Copper-doped TiO2 photocatalysts: application to drinking water by humic matter degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(36):36096–36106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04474-x
Vahabirad S, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A (2023) Evaluation of the photodegradation activity of bismuth oxoiodide/bismuth sub-carbonate nanocatalyst: experimental design and the mechanism study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 263:115254
Verma SK, Singhal P, Chauhan DS (2019) A synergistic evaluation on application of solar-thermal energy in water purification: current scenario and future prospects. Energy Convers Manag 180:372–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.090
Wang J, Zhuan R (2020) Degradation of antibiotics by advanced oxidation processes: an overview. Sci Total Environ 701:135023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135023
Wang P, Gao S, Wang H, Chen S, Chen X, Wu Z (2018) Enhanced dual resistance to alkali metal and phosphate poisoning: Mo modifying vanadium-titanate nanotubes SCR catalyst. Appl Catal A: Gen 561:68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2018.05.023
Wang J, Hasegawa T, Asakura Y, Yin S (2022) Recent advances in ternary metal oxides modified by N atom for photocatalysis. Catalysts 12(12):1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121568
Wu JCS, Chen CH (2004) A visible-light response vanadium-doped titania nanocatalyst by sol-gel method. J Photochem Photobiol A:Chem 163(3):509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.02.007
Xiong Y, Yao X, Tang C, Zhang L, Cao Y, Deng Y, Gao F, Dong L (2014) Effect of CO-pretreatment on the CuO-V2O5/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for NO reduction by CO. Catal Sci Technol 4(12):4416–4425. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cy00785a
Yang Y, Albu SP, Kim D, Schmuki P (2011) Enabling the anodic growth of highly ordered V2O5 nanoporous/nanotubular structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50(39):9071–9075. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201104029
Yang S, Wang C, Ma L, Peng Y, Qu Z, Yan N, Chen J, Chang H, Li J (2013) Substitution of WO3 in V2O5/WO3-TiO2 by Fe2O3 for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3. Catal Sc Technol 3(1):161–168. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cy20383a
Yang C, Yi C, Liao Q, Li N, Zhao Y (2023) Ultrasonication-assisted synthesis of CN–TiO2 and its photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac under visible light irradiation. Environ Technol 44(24):3667–3675. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2068382
Zewde AA, Zhang L, Li Z, Odey EA (2019) A review of the application of sonophotocatalytic process based on advanced oxidation process for degrading organic dye. Rev Environ Health 34(4):365–375. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0024. (De Gruyter)
Zhang D (2022) Solvothermal synthesis of CeO2-ZrO2-M2O3 (M = La, Y, Bi) mixed oxide and their soot oxidation activity. RSC Adv 12(23):14562–14569. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08183g
Zhang J, Wang Z, Fan M, Tong P, Sun J, Dong S, Sun J (2019) Ultra-light and compressible 3D BiOCl/RGO aerogel with enriched synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline. J Mater Res Technol 8(5):4577–4587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.08.002
Zhang L, Li Y, Li Q, Fan J, Carabineiro SA, Lv K (2021) Recent advances on Bismuth-based Photocatalysts: strategies and mechanisms. J Chem Eng 419:129484
Zhao W, Zhang K, Wu L, Wang Q, Shang D, Zhong Q (2021a) Ti3+ doped V2O5/TiO2 catalyst for efficient selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. J Colloid Interface Sci 581:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.131
Zhao W, Duan Z, Zheng Z, Li B (2022) Cobalt bismuth oxide with cobalt(II/III) as a new stable peroxymonosulfate activator for effective degradation, mineralization, and detoxification of diclofenac in water. J Clean Prod 365:132781. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.132781
Zhao CY, Ru S, Cui P, Qi X, Kurade MB, Patil SM, Jeon BH, Xiong JQ (2021b) Multiple metabolic pathways of enrofloxacin by Lolium perenne L.: ecotoxicity, biodegradation, and key driven genes. Water Res 202:117413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117413
Zuo W, Zhu W, Zhao D, Sun Y, Li Y, Liu J, Lou XWD (2016) Bismuth oxide: a versatile high-capacity electrode material for rechargeable aqueous metal-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 9(9):2881–2891. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee01871h
Funding
The study was partially supported by Quaid-I-Azam University through departmental research fund. Material characterization was supported by Dr. Jamshaid Rashid through BNU-Zhuhai Research Start-up Funding No.: 312200502501.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mehmooda Bibi: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, writing — original draft preparation. Jamshaid Rashid: supervision, material characterization and manuscript revision and editing. Asima Siddiqa: manuscript revision and editing. Ming Xu: writing — reviewing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All the named authors gave explicit consent to submit and publish.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bibi, M., Rashid, J., Siddiqa, A. et al. The mechanism and reaction kinetics of visible light active bismuth oxide deposited on titanium vanadium oxide for aqueous diclofenac photocatalysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 23228–23246 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32477-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32477-w