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Geochemical evaluation and human health risk assessment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in an industrial area of South India

  • Research on Sustainable Developments for Environment Management
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Abstract

The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and conduct a non-carcinogenic risk assessment of nitrate contamination in an industrialized and high-density region of South India. A total of 40 sampling sites were identified in and around the industrial area, and samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Piper and Gibbs’ diagram shows that rock-water interaction, lithological characteristics and ion-exchange processes are the primary factors determining groundwater quality. The novel entropy water quality index (EWQI) indicated that 32 and 37.5% of the water in the study area were unsuitable for drinking purposes during both the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Due to landfill leachate and modern agricultural activity, the nitrate concentration in groundwater post-monsoon had increased by 17.11%. The nitrate pollution index (NPI) value of groundwater exceeded the contaminated level by 22.77%. The non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment revealed that 35 and 40% of adult males, 37.5 and 52.5% of adult females and 42.5 and 55% of children during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were exposed to an increased concentration of nitrate in groundwater. The non-carcinogenic risk level to the exposed population in the study region descends in the following order: children >  > females > males. The study suggests that low body weight in children is a direct result of consumption of low-quality water and that adult men and women suffer less severe consequences.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available in the attached supplementary file/from the corresponding author on request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

    Balamurugan Panneerselvam

  2. Srii Vickiy and Co., Erode, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kirubakaran Muniraj

  3. Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola, Akola, India

    Chaitanya Pande

  4. Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

    Nagavinothini Ravichandran

  5. Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland

    Maciej Thomas

  6. Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

    Shankar Karuppannan

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  1. Balamurugan Panneerselvam
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  4. Nagavinothini Ravichandran
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Contributions

Balamurugan Panneerselvam—conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data curation, validation and original draft writing.

Kirubakaran Muniraj—visualization and mapping.

Chaitanya Pande—original draft writing, review and editing.

Nagavinothini Ravichandran—review and editing.

Maciej Thomas—supervision, data curation, writing—review and editing.

Shankar Karuppannan—review and editing.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Balamurugan Panneerselvam.

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Panneerselvam, B., Muniraj, K., Pande, C. et al. Geochemical evaluation and human health risk assessment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in an industrial area of South India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 86202–86219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17281-0

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