Abstract
Groundwater resources have an important impact on the geo-environment and ecological environment. The exploitation of groundwater resources may induce geo-environmental issues and has a negative impact on the ecological environment. The assessment of groundwater sustainable development can provide reasonable suggestions for the management of groundwater resources in coastal cities. In this study, an assessment method for groundwater sustainable development based on the resource supply function, geo-environment stability function, and ecological environment function was provided. Considering the groundwater quantity and quality; the vulnerability of karst collapse, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion; and the distribution of groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) and soil erosion, the groundwater in the Pearl River Delta was divided into concentrated groundwater supply area (21.97%) and decentralized groundwater supply area (48.22%), ecological protection area (20.77%), vulnerable geo-environment area (8.94%), and unsuitable to exploit groundwater area (0.10%). ROC curve and single-indicator sensitivity analysis were applied in the assessment of geo-environment vulnerability, and the results showed that the VW-AHP model effectively adjusted the weights of the indicators so that the assessment results were more in line with the actual situation in the Pearl River Delta, and the accuracy of the VW-AHP model was higher than that of the AHP model. This study provides a scientific basis for groundwater management in the Pearl River Delta and an example for the assessment of groundwater sustainable development in coastal cities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
source protection areas in the study area
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Achour Y, Boumezbeur A, Hadji R, Chouabbi A, Cavaleiro V, Bendaoud E (2017) Landslide susceptibility mapping using analytic hierarchy process and information value methods along a highway road section in Constantine. Algeria Arab J Geosci 10(8):194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2980-6
Adiat KAN, Nawawi MNM, Abdullah K (2012) Assessing the accuracy of GIS-based elementary multi criteria decision analysis as a spatial prediction tool - a case of predicting potential zones of sustainable groundwater resources. J Hydrol 440:75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.028
Aghdam IN, Pradhan B, Panahi M (2017) Landslide susceptibility assessment using a novel hybrid model of statistical bivariate methods (FR and WOE) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) at southern Zagros Mountains in Iran. Environ Earth Sci 76(6):237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6558-0
Allafta H, Opp C, Patra S (2021) Identification of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques: a case study of the Shatt Al-Arab Basin. Remote Sens 13(1):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010112
Alley WM, Reily TE, Franke OL (1999) Sustainability of ground-water resources U. S. Geological Survey Circular. United States Geological Survey, Denver , p 1186
Almouctar MAS, Wu YP, Kumar A, Zhao FB, Mambu KJ, Sadek M (2021) Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation cover changes around surface water based on NDVI: a case study in Korama basin, Southern Zinder. Niger Applied Water Science 11(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01332-x
Al-Zu’bi Y, Shatanawi M, Al-Jayoussi O, Al-Kharabsheh A (2002) Application of decision support system for sustainable management of water resources in the Azraq Basin – Jordan. Water International 27(4):532–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060208687040
Amano H, Iwasaki Y (2020) Land cover classification by integrating NDVI time series and GIS data to evaluate water circulation in Aso Caldera, Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(18):6605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186605
Amiri V, Nakhaei M, Lak R, Kholghi M (2016) Investigating the salinization and freshening processes of coastal groundwater resources in Urmia aquifer. NW Iran Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188(4):233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5231-5
Arabameri A, Saha S, Roy J, Tiefenbacher JP, Cerda A, Biggs T, Pradhan B, Ngo PTT, Collins AL (2020) A novel ensemble computational intelligence approach for the spatial prediction of land subsidence susceptibility. Science of Total Environment 726:138595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138595
Asefi H, Zhang Y, Lim S, Maghrebi M, Shahparvari S (2020) A multi-criteria decision support framework for municipal solid waste landfill siting: a case study of New South Wales (Australia). Environ Monit Assess 192(11):682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08565-y
Aslan V, Celik R (2021) Integrated GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for groundwater potential mapping in the Euphrates’s Sub-Basin, Harran Basin. Turkey Sustainability 13(13):7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137375
Ayed B, Jmal I, Sahal S, Bouri S (2018) The seawater intrusion assessment in coastal aquifers using GALDIT method and groundwater quality index: the Djeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer (Southeastern Tunisia). Ababian Journal of Geosiences 11(20):609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3966-8
Bao JD, Zhang JD, Li F, Liu CY, Shi SP (2016) Social benefits of the mine occupational health and safety management systems of mines in China and Sweden based on a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process: a comparative study. Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems 31(6):3113–3120. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-169197
Bekesi G, Hodges S (2006) The protection of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Otago. New Zealand Hydrogeology Journal 14(8):1696–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0062-z
Besikci EB, Kececi T, Arslan O, Turan O (2016) An application of fuzzy-AHP to ship operational energy efficiency measures. Ocean Eng 121:392–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.05.031
Bian JM, Liu CH, Zhang ZZ, Wang R, Gao Y (2016) Hydro geochemical characteristics and health risk evaluation of nitrate in groundwater. Pol J Environ Stud 25(2):521–527. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/61113
Bordbar M, Neshat A, Javadi S (2019) Modification of the GALDIT framework using statistical and entropy models to assess coastal aquifer vulnerability. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrological 64(9):1117–1128. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1620951
Bordbar M, Neshat A, Javadi S, Pradhan B, Aghamohammadi H (2020) Meta-heuristic algorithms in optimizing GALDIT framework: a comparative study for coastal aquifer vulnerability assessment. J Hydrol 585:124768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124768
Bui NT, Kawamura A, Bui DD, Amaguchi H, Bui DD, Truong NT, Nakagawa K (2018) Social sustainability assessment of groundwater resources: a case study of Hanoi. Vietnam Ecological Indicators 93:1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.06.005
Bui NT, Kawamura A, Bui DD, Amaguchi H, Bui DD, Truong NT, Do HHT, Nguyen CT (2019) Groundwater sustainability assessment framework: a demonstration of environmental sustainability index for Hanoi. Vietnam Journal of Environmental Management 241:479–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.117
C. G. S., (1979) Synthetic hydrogeological map Republic of China. F-49 series scale 1:200,000. Guangzhou Geological Survey, Guangzhou (in Chinese)
C. G. S., (1981) Synthetic hydrogeological map Republic of China. F-50 series scale 1:200,000. Guangzhou Geological Survey, Guangzhou (in Chinese)
C. G. S., (2006) Technical requirements for the evaluation and zoning of groundwater function. China Geological Survey, Beijing
C. G. S., (2012) Handbook of hydrogeology. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Calligaris C, Devoto S, Galve JP, Zini L, Perez-Pena JV (2017) Integration of multi-criteria and nearest neighbour analysis with kernel density functions for improving sinkhole susceptibility models: the case study of Enemonzo (NE Italy). Int J Speleol 46(2):191–204. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.46.2.2099
Chang SW, Chung IM, Kim MG, Tolera M, Koh GW (2019) Application of GALDIT in assessing the seawater intrusion vulnerability of Jeju Island, South Korea. Water 11(9):1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091824
Chen J (2012) Assessment of groundwater sustainability using multi-indicators in the Hohhot Plain. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing (in Chinese)
Chen J, Zhang YL, Chen ZY, Nie ZL (2015) Improving assessment of groundwater sustainability with analytic hierarchy process and information entropy method: a case study of the Hohhot Plain, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 72:2353–2363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3583-0
Chen W, Han HX, Huang B, Huang QL, Fu XD (2017) Variable-weighted linear combination model for landslide susceptibility mapping: case study in the Shennongjia Forestry District. China Isprs International Journal of Geo-Information 6(11):347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6110347
Chen T, Xia J, Zou L, Hong S (2020) Quantifying the influences of natural factors and human activities on NDVI changes in the Hanjiang River Basin. China Remote Sensing 12(22):3780. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223780
Cunliffe AM, Assmann JJ, Daskalova GN, Kerby JT, Myers-Smith IH (2020) Aboveground biomass corresponds strongly with drone-derived canopy height but weakly with greenness (NDVI) in a shrub tundra landscape. Environ Res Lett 15(12):125004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba470
Daneshvar MRM (2014) Landslide susceptibility zonation using analytical hierarchy process and GIS for the Bojnurd region, northeast of Iran. Landslides 11(6):1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0458-5
Das S (2018) Geographic information system and AHP-based flood hazard zonation of Vaitarna basin, Maharashtra. India Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11(19):576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3933-4
Das Gupta A, Onta PR (1997) Sustainable groundwater resources development. Hydrol Sci J 42(4):565–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669709492054
De Marinis P, Sali G (2020) Participatory analytic hierarchy process for resource allocation in agricultural development projects. Eval Program Plann 80:101793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101793
De Carvalho SCP, Carden KJ, Armitage NP (2009) Application of a sustainability index for integrated urban water management in Southern African cities: case study comparison - Maputo and Hermanus. Water SA 35(2):144–151
De Waele J, Gutierrez F, Parise M, Plan L (2011) Geomorphology and natural hazards in karst areas: a review. Geomorphology 134(1–2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.08.001
Dilekoglu MF, Aslan V (2021) Determination of groundwater potential distribution of Ceylanpinar plain (Turkey) in Upper Mesopotamia by using geographical information techniques and Fuzzy-AHP with MCDM. Water Supply, Early Access. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.268
Ding N (2018) Evaluation of groundwater resources and analysis of exploitation potential in Chahar Youyiqianqi-Jining District. China University of Geosciences, Beijing ((in Chinese))
Domazatovic F, Sijeg A, Loncar N, Maric I (2019) Development of automated multicriteria GIS analysis of gully erosion susceptibility. Appl Geogr 112:102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102083
Dong HG, Huang CS, Chen W, Zhang HX, Zhi BF, Zhao XW (2012) The controlling factors of environment geology in the Pearl River Delta economic zone and an analysis of existing problems. Geology in China 39(2):539–550 (in Chinese)
Drobinina E, Kovaleva T, Koriakina A (2020) The local variation of the overlying soils geotechnical properties in the karst susceptibility assessment. Carbonates Evaporites 35(3):79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00615-3
Du GL, Zhang YS, Yang ZH, Guo CB, Yao X, Sun DY (2019) Landslide susceptibility mapping in the region of eastern Himalayan syntaxis, Tibetan Plateau, China: a comparison between analytical hierarchy process information value and logistic regression-information value methods. Bull Eng Geol Env 78(6):4201–4215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1393-4
Gabrielsen P, Bosch P (2003) Environmental indicators: typology and use in reporting. E. E. A. Internal Working Paper. Copenhagen: European Environmental Agency
Ebrahimy H, Feizizadeh B, Salmani S, Azadi H (2020) A comparative study of land subsidence susceptibility mapping of Tasuj plane, Iran, using boosted regression tree, random forest and classification and regression tree methods. Environmental Earth Sciences 79(10):223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08953-0
Elmahdy SI, Marghany MM, Mohamed MM (2016) Application of a weighted spatial probability model in GIS to analyse landslides in Penang Island. Malaysia Geomatics Natural Hazards & Risk 7(1):345–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2014.904825
Erostate M, Huneau F, Garel E, Ghiotti S, Vystavna Y, Garrido M, Pasqualini V (2020) Groundwater dependent ecosystems in coastal Mediterranean regions: characterization, challenges and management for their protection. Water Res 172:115461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115461
Fadhillah MF, Achmad AR, Lee CW (2020) Integration of InSAR time-series data and gis to assess land subsidence along subway lines in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. South Korea Remote Sensing 12(21):3505. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213505
Fidelibus MD, Gutierrez F, Spilotro G (2011) Human-induced hydrogeological changes and sinkholes in the coastal gypsum karst of Lesina Marina area (Foggia Province, Italy). Eng Geol 118(1–2):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.12.003
G. H. S. T., (1981) Regional hydrogeological survey report. Guangdong Hydrogeological Second Team, Guangzhou
Gao L, Ma CM, Wang QX, Zhou AG (2019) Sustainable use zoning of land resources considering ecological and geological problems in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. China Scientific Reports 9:16052. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52355-7
Gholami V, Yousefi Z, Rostami HZ (2010) Modeling of ground water salinity on the Caspian Southern Coasts. Water Resour Manage 24(7):1415–1424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9506-2
Gugulothu S, Dhakate R, Sreedhar K, Ramesh A, Saxena PR (2020) Geophysical and hydrochemical studies for sustainable development of groundwater resources in northwestern part of Telangana State. India Journal of Earth System Science 129(1):202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01452-7
Guo X, Ma CM, Hu XJ, Yan W (2019) Application of groundwater functional zoning to coastal groundwater management: a case study in the plain area of Weifang City. China Environmental Earth Sciences 78(16):525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8534-3
Gupta A, Castro-Fresno D, Lastra-Gonzalez P, Rodriguez-Hernandez J (2021) Selection of fibers to improve porous asphalt mixtures using multi-criteria analysis. Construction and Building Materials 266(Part A):121198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121198
Hakim WL, Achmad AR, Eom J, Lee CW (2020a) Land subsidence measurement of jakarta coastal area using time series interferometry with Sentinel-1 SAR data. J Coastal Res 102(sp1):75–81. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI102-010.1
Hakim WL, Achmad AR, Lee CW (2020b) Land subsidence susceptibility mapping in Jakarta using functional and meta-ensemble machine learning algorithm based on time-series InSAR data. Remote Sensing 12(21):3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213627
Hallal DD, Khelfi ME, Zahouani S, Benamghar A, Haddad O, Ammari A, Lobo-Ferreira JP (2019) Application of the GALDIT method combined with geostatistics at the Bouteldja aquifer (Algeria). Environmental Earth Sciences 78(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-8005-2
He W, Zhou J, Cheng H, Wang LY, Wei K, Wang WF, Li XH (2012) Validation of origins of tea samples using partial least squares analysis and Euclidean distance method with near-infrared spectroscopy data. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 86:399–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.10.056
He KQ, Jia YY, Wang B, Wang RL, Luo HL (2013) Comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model and evaluation of the karst collapse susceptibility in Zaozhuang Region. China Natural Hazards 68(2):613–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0653-7
Hosseini SM, Parizi E, Ataie-Ashtiani B, Simmons CT (2019) Assessment of sustainable groundwater resources management using integrated environmental index: case studies across Iran. Sci Total Environ 676:792–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.257
Hou JM, Su C, Wang WS (2008) AHP methodology for partner selection in collaborative design. International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology 2:674–677. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCSCT.2008.359
Hou QX, Sun JC, Jing JH, Liu CY, Zhang Y (2018) A regional scale investigation on groundwater arsenic in different types of aquifers in the Pearl River Delta. China Geofluids 2018:2471295. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3471295
Huang ZG, Zong YQ, Zhang WQ (2004) Coastal inundation due to sea level rise in the Pearl River Delta China. Natural Hazards 33(2):247–264. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000037038.18814.b0
Huang GX, Liu CY, Sun JC, Zhang M, Jing JH, Li LP (2018) A regional scale investigation on factors controlling the groundwater chemistry of various aquifers in a rapidly urbanized area: a case study of the Pearl River Delta. Sci Total Environ 625:510–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.322
Huang F, Chunyu XZ, Zhang DR, Chen X, Ochoa CG (2020) A framework to assess the impact of ecological water conveyance on groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems in arid inland river basins. Sci Total Environ 709:136155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136155
I. H. E. G, (2010) Investigation and evaluation report on groundwater pollution in the Pearl River Delta. Shijiazhuang, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese)
Janssen R (1992) Multiobjective decision support for environmental management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Javanbarg MB, Scawthorn C, Kiyono J, Shahbodaghkhan B (2012) Fuzzy AHP-based multicriteria decision making systems using particle swarm optimization. Expert Syst Appl 39(1):960–966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.07.095
Javidan N, Kavian A, Pourghasemi HR, Conoscenti C, Jafarian Z, Rodrigo-Comino J (2021) Evaluation of multi-hazard map produced using MaxEnt machine learning technique. Sci Rep 11(1):6496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85862-7
Jha MK, Chowdary VM, Chowdhury A (2010) Groundwater assessment in Salboni Block, West Bengal (India) using remote sensing, geographical information system and multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. Hydrogeolgy Journal 18(7):1713–1728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0631-z
Jhariya DC, Kumar T, Gobinath M, Diwan P, Kishore N (2016) Assessment of groundwater potential zone using remote sensing, GIS and multi criteria decision analysis techniques. J Geol Soc India 88(4):481–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0511-9
Jia YF, Xi., B. D., Jiang, Y. H., Guo, H. M., Yang, Y., Lian, X. Y., Han, S. B., (2018) Distribution, formation and human-induced evolution of geogenic contaminated groundwater in China: a review. Sci Total Environ 643:967–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.201
Jia C, Zhang YW, Han JM, Xu XQ (2017) Susceptibility area regionalization of land subsidence based on extenics theory. Cluster Computing-the Journal of Networks Software Tools and Applications 20(1):53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-016-0720-4
Jia XY, O’Connor D, Hou DY, Jin YL, Li GH, Zheng CM, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Lu J (2019) Groundwater depletion and contamination: spatial distribution of groundwater resources sustainability in China. Sci Total Environ 672:551–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.457
Jiang XZ, Lei MT, Zhao HQ (2019) Review of the advanced monitoring technology of groundwater-air pressure (enclosed potentiometric) for karst collapse studies. Envrionmental Earth Sciences 78(24):701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8716-z
Jothibasu A, Anbazhagan S (2018) Hydrogeological assessment of the groundwater aquifers for sustainability state and development planning. Environmental Earth Sciences 77(3):88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7211-7
Kang MG, Lee GM (2011) Multicriteria evaluation of water resources sustainability in the context of watershed management. J Am Water Resour Assoc 47(4):813–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00559.x
Karamouz M, Teymori J, Rahimi R, Olyaei MA, Mohammadpour P (2018) The impact of artificial groundwater recharge on water resources sustainability. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 92–102
Kazakis N, Spiliotis M, Voudouris K, Pliakas FK, Papadopoulos B (2018) A fuzzy multicriteria categorization of the GALDIT method to assess seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers. Sci Total Environ 621:524–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.235
Kazakis N, Busico G, Colombani N, Mastrocicco M, Pavlou A, Voudouris K (2019) GALDIT-SUSI a modified method to account for surface water bodies in the assessment of aquifer vulnerability to seawater intrusion. J Environ Manage 235:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.069
Kumar R, Anbalagan R (2015) Landslide susceptibility zonation in part of Tehri reservoir region using frequency ratio, fuzzy logic and GIS. J Earth Syst Sci 124(2):431–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-015-0536-2
Kumru M, Kumru Y (2014) Analytic hierarchy process application in selecting the mode of transport for a logistics company. J Adv Transp 48(8):947–999. https://doi.org/10.1002/atr.1240
Langat PK, Kumar L, Koech R (2020) GIS-based geomorphometric analysis for potential applications in reversing land and biosystem degradation. Environ Monit Assess 192(10):668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08640-4
Lee GKL, Chan EHW (2008) The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach for assessment of urban renewal proposals. Soc Indic Res 89(1):155–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9228-x
Li WB, Fan XM, Huang FM, Chen W, Hong HY, Huang JS, Guo ZZ (2020a) Uncertainties analysis of collapse susceptibility prediction based on remote sensing and GIS: influences of different data-based models and connections between collapses and environmental factors. Remote Sensing 12(24):4134. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244134
Li X, Tang CY, Cao YJ, Li D (2020b) A multiple isotope (H, O, N, C and S) approach to elucidate the hydrochemical evolution of shallow groundwater in a rapidly urbanized area of the Pearl River Delta. China Science Og the Total Environment 724:137930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137930
Li ZY, Wang YC, Olgun CG, Yang SQ, Jiao QL, Wang MT (2020c) Risk assessment of water inrush caused by karst cave in tunnels based on reliability and GA-BP neural network. Geomat Nat Haz Risk 11(1):1212–1232. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2020.1785956
Lin CJ, Zhang M, Zhou ZQ, Li LP, Shi SS, Chen YX, Dai WJ (2020) A new quantitative method for risk assessment of water inrush in karst tunnels based on variable weight function and improved cloud model. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 95:103136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103136
Liu SL, Li WP (2019) Indicators sensitivity analysis for environmental engineering geological patterns caused by underground coal mining with integrating variable weight theory and improved matter-element extension model. Sci Total Environ 686:606–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.393
Liu F, Huang GX, Sun JC, Jing JH, Zhang Y (2014) Distribution of arsenic in shallow aquifers of Guangzhou region, China: natural and anthropogenic impacts. Water Qual Res J Can 49(4):354–371. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2014.014
Liu F, Sun JC, Wang J, Zhang Y (2017) Groundwater acidification in shallow aquifers in Pearl River Delta, China: distribution, factors, and effects. Geochem J 51(4):373–384. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0476
Liu BJ, Peng SH, Liao YY, Long WL (2018) The causes and impacts of water resources crises in the Pearl River Delta. J Clean Prod 177:413–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.203
Lucchese LV, de Oliveira GG, Pedrollo OC (2021) Investigation of the influence of nonoccurrence sampling on landslide susceptibility assessment using Artificial Neural Networks. CATENA 198:105067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.105067
Luoma S, Okkonen J, Korkka-Niemi K (2017) Comparison of the AVI, modified SINTACS and GALDIT vulnerability methods under future climate-change scenarios for a shallow low-lying coastal aquifer in southern Finland. Hydrogeol J 25(1):203–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1471-2
M. L. R., (2017a) Guidelines for the assessment of zones of groundwater overdraft (GB/T 34968–2017). Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing (in Chinese)
M. L. R., (2017b) Standard for groundwater quality (GB/T 14848–2017). Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing (in Chinese)
M. W. R., (2005) Groundwater functional zoning outline. Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing (in Chinese)
Ma X (2018) Groundwater resources evaluation of the ZhenBeiPu area in Yinchuan of Ningxia. China University of Geosciences, Beijing (in Chinese)
Machiwal D, Rangi N, Sharma A (2015) Integrated knowledge- and data-driven approaches for groundwater potential zoning using GIS and multi-criteria decision making techniques on hard-rock terrain of Ahar catchment, Rajasthan. India Environmental Earth Sciences 73(4):1871–1892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3544-7
Mahrez B, Klebingat S, Houha B, Houria B (2018) GIS-based GALDIT method for vulnerability assessment to seawater intrusion of the Quaternary coastal Collo aquifer (NE-Algeria). Arab J Geosci 11(4):71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3400-2
Majidipour F, Bagher SMB, Taheri K, Fathollahi J, Missimer TM (2021) Index-based groundwater sustainability assessment in the socio-economic context: a case study in the Western Iran. Environ Manage 67(4):648–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01424-7
Manca D, Brambilla S (2011) A methodology based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process for the quantitative assessment of emergency preparedness and response in road tunnels. Transp Policy 18(5):657–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.12.003
Mandal U, Sahoo S, Munusamy SB, Dhar A, Panda SN, Kar A, Mishra PK (2016) Delineation of groundwater potential zones of coastal groundwater basin using multi-criteria decision making technique. Water Resour Manage 30(12):4293–4310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1421-8
Moghaddam HK, Jafari F, Javadi S (2017) Vulnerability evaluation of a coastal aquifer via GALDIT model and comparison with DRASTIC index using quality parameters. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques 62(1):137–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1080827
Mohammady M, Pourghasemi HR, Amiri M (2019) Land subsidence susceptibility assessment using random forest machine learning algorithm. Environmental Earth Sciences 78(16):503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8518-3
Mueller TG, Pusuluri NB, Mathias KK, Cornelius PL, Barnhisel RI, Shearer SA (2001) Map quality for ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighted interpolation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68(6):2042–2047. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.2042
Munch Z, Conrad J (2007) Remote sensing and GIS based determination of groundwater dependent ecosystems in the Western Cape. South Africa Hydrogeology Journal 15(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0125-1
Myronidis D, Papageorgoiu C, Theophanous S (2016) Landslide susceptibility mapping based on landslide history and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Nat Hazards 81(1):245–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2075-1
Najafi Z, Pourghasemi HR, Ghanbarian G, Shamsi SRF (2020) Land-subsidence susceptibility zonation using remote sensing, GIS, and probability models in a Google Earth Engine platform. Environmental Earth Sciences 79(21):491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09238-2
Narimani R, Jun C, Shahzad S, Oh J, Park K (2021) Application of a novel hybrid method for flood susceptibility mapping with satellite images: a case study of Seoul. Korea Remote Sensing 13(14):2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142786
Nouri D, Sabour MR, GhanbarzadehLak M (2018) Industrial solid waste management through the application of multi-criteria decision-making analysis: a case study of Shamsabad industrial complexes. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 20(1):43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0544-6
Oh HJ, Syifa M, Lee CW, Lee S (2019) Land subsidence susceptibility mapping using Bayesian, functional, and meta-ensemble machine learning models. Applied Sciences-Basel 9(6):1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061248
Ozdemir A (2016) Sinkhole susceptibility mapping using logistic regression in KarapA +/- nar (Konya, Turkey). Bull Eng Geol Env 75(2):681–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0778-x
Pamucar D, Stevic Z, Zavadskas EK (2018) Integration of interval rough AHP and interval rough MABAC methods for evaluating university web pages. Appl Soft Comput 67:141–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.02.057
Panahi MR, Mousavi SM, Rahimzadegan M (2017) Delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing, GIS, and AHP technique in Tehran-Karaj plain. Iran Environmental Earth Sciences 76(23):792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7126-3
Pandey VP, Shrestha S, Chapagain SK, Kazama F (2011) A framework for measuring groundwater sustainability. Environ Sci Policy 14(4):396–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.03.008
Paz MC, Alcala FJ, Medeiros A, Martinez-Pagan P, Perez-Cuevas J, Ribeiro L (2020) Integrated MASW and ERT imaging for geological definition of an unconfined alluvial aquifer sustaining a coastal groundwater-dependent ecosystem in Southwest Portugal. Applied Sciences-Basel 10(17):5905. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175905
Peng J, Peng FL (2018) A GIS-based evaluation method of underground space resources for urban spatial planning: part 1 methodology. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 74:82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.002
Pires A, Morato J, Peixoto H, Botero V, Zuluaga L, Figueroa A (2017) Sustainability assessment of indicators for integrated water resources management. Sci Total Environ 578:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.217
Podvezko V (2009) Application of AHP technique. J Bus Econ Manag 10(2):181–189. https://doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2009.10.181-189
Pournader M, Ahmadi H, Feiznia S, Karimi H, Peirovan HR (2018) Spatial prediction of soil erosion susceptibility: an evaluation of the maximum entropy model. Earth Sci Inf 11(3):389–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-018-0338-6
Quan HC, Lee BG (2012) GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytic hierarchy process and artificial neural network in Jeju (Korea). KSCE J Civ Eng 16(7):1258–1266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-012-1242-0
Rachid G, Alameddine I, Abou Najm M, Qian S, El-Fadel M (2021) Dynamic Bayesian networks to assess anthropogenic and climatic drivers of saltwater intrusion: a decision support tool toward improved management. Intergrated Environmental Assessment and Management 17(1):202–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4355
Raghavendra SN, Deka PC (2015) Sustainable development and management of groundwater resources in mining affected areas: a review. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11:598–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.061
Rahmati O, Falah F, Naghibi S, A., Biggs, T., Soltani, M., Deo, R. C, Cerda, A., Mohammadi, F., Bui D. T., (2019) Land subsidence modelling using tree-based machine learning algorithms. Science of Total Environment 672:239–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.496
Recinos N, Kallioras A, Pliakas F, Schuth C (2015) Application of GALDIT index to assess the intrinsic vulnerability to seawater intrusion of coastal granular aquifers. Environmetal Earth Sciences 73(3):1017–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3452-x
Reddy BP, Kelly MP, Thokala P, Walters SJ, Duenas A (2014) Prioritising public health guidance topics in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Public Health 128(10):896–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.07.003
Roy J, Saha S (2021) Integration of artificial intelligence with meta classifiers for the gully erosion susceptibility assessment in Hinglo river basin. Eastern India Advances in Space Research 67(1):316–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.013
Saaty TL (1980) The analytic hierarchy process: planning, priority setting, resource allocation. McGraw-Hill, New York
Salles LD, Galvao P, Bastos LRB, Pereira RGFD, da Purificacao CGC, Laureano FV (2018) Evaluation of susceptibility for terrain collapse and subsidence in karst areas, municipality of Iraquara, Chapada Diamantina (BA). Brazil Environmental Earth Sciences 77(16):593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7769-8
Sallwey J, Valverde JPB, Lopez FV, Junghanns R, Stefan C (2019) Suitability maps for managed aquifer recharge: a review of multi-criteria decision analysis studies. Environmental Review 27(2):138–150. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0069
Sangrat W, Thanapongtharm W, Poolkhet C (2020) Identification of risk areas for foot and mouth disease in Thailand using a geographic information system-based multi-criteria decision analysis. Prev Vet Med 185:105183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105183
Seenipandi K, Nainarpandian C, Kandathil RK, Sellamuthu S (2019) Seawater intrusion vulnerability in the coastal aquifers of southern India-an appraisal of the GALDIT model, parameters’ sensitivity, and hydrochemical indicators. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(10):9755–9784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04401-0
Senouci R, Taibi NE, Teodoro AC, Duarte L, Mansour H, Meddah RY (2021) GIS-Based Expert Knowledge for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM): Case of Mostaganem Coast District. West of Algeria Sustainability 13(2):630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020630
Sholagberu AT, Ul Mustafa MR, Yusof KW, Hashim AM, Shah MM, Khan MWA, Isa MH (2019) Multivariate logistic regression model for soil erosion susceptibility assessment under static and dynamic causative factors. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 28(5):3419–3429. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/91943
Shu BR, Bakker MM, Zhang HH, Li YL, Qin W, Carsjens GJ (2017) Modeling urban expansion by using variable weights logistic cellular automata: a case study of Nanjing, China. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 31(7):1314–1333. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1283505
Singh AP, Bhakaru P (2021) Development of groundwater sustainability index: a case study of western arid region of Rajasthan. India Environment Development and Sustainability 23(2):1844–1868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00654-9
Singh LK, Jha MK, Chowdary VM (2018) Assessing the accuracy of GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approaches for mapping groundwater potential. Ecol Ind 91:24–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.070
Slama T, Sebei A (2020) Spatial and temporal analysis of shallow groundwater quality using GIS, Grombalia aquifer, Northern Tunisia. J Afr Earth Sc 170:103915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103915
Soyaslan II (2020) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability using modified DRASTIC-Analytical Hierarchy Process model in Bucak Basin. Turkey Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13(21):1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06101-3
Steele K, Carmel Y, Cross J, Wilcox C (2009) Uses and misuses of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) in environmental decision making. Risk Anal 29(1):26–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01130.x
Sullivan C (2002) Calculating a water poverty index. World Dev 30(7):1195–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00035-9
Sun LW, Ma CM, Li YG (2019) Multiple geo-environmental hazards susceptibility assessment: a case study in Luoning County, Henan Province. China Geomatics Natural Hazards & Risk 10(1):2009–2029. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2019.1658648
Tafreshi GM, Nakhaei M, Lak R (2020) A GIS-based comparative study of hybrid fuzzy-gene expression programming and hybrid fuzzy-artificial neural network for land subsidence susceptibility modeling. Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 34(7):1059–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01810-3
Taheri K, Gutierrez F, Mohseni H, Raeisi E, Taheri M (2015) Sinkhole susceptibility mapping using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and magnitude-frequency relationships: A case study in Hamadan province. Iran Geomorphology 234:64–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.005
Taheri K, Shahabi H, Chapi K, Shirzadi A, Gutierrez F, Khosravi K (2019) Sinkhole susceptibility mapping: a comparison between Bayes-based machine learning algorithms. Land Degradation Development 30(7):730–745. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3255
Tangestani MH (2004) Landslide susceptibility mapping using the fuzzy gamma approach in a GIS, Kakan catchment area, southwest Iran. Aust J Earth Sci 51(3):439–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1400-0952.2004.01068.x
Trabelsi N, Triki I, Hentati I, Zairi M (2016) Aquifer vulnerability and seawater intrusion risk using GALDIT, GQI(SWI) and GIS: case of a coastal aquifer in Tunisia. Envrionmental Earth Sciences 75(8):669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5459-y
Turk A, Ozkok M (2020) Shipyard location selection based on fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39(3):4557–4576. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-200522
U. S. G. S., (2020) Land subsidence in the United States. United States Geological Survey, Reston
Unver S, Ergenc I (2021) Safety risk identification and prioritize of forest logging activities using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Alex Eng J 60(1):1591–1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.11.012
Vahidnia MH, Alesheikh AA, Alimohammadi A (2009) Hospital site selection using fuzzy AHP and its derivatives. J Environ Manage 90(10):3048–3056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.010
Vaidya OS, Kumar S (2006) Analytic hierarchy process: an overview of applications. European Journal of Opreational Research 169(1):1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2004.04.028
Veerappan R, Negi A, Siddan A (2017) Landslide susceptibility mapping and comparison using frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy process in part of NH-58, Uttarakhand, India. Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides. Advances in Landslide Science 2:1081–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_123
Vrba J, Lipponen A (2007) Groundwater resources sustainability indicators, IHP-VI, Series on Groundwater NO. 14. U. N. E. S. C. O., I. A. E. A., I. A. H.
W. C. G. S., (2015) Evaluation report on the resources and environment carrying capacity of the Pearl River Delta. Wuhan Center of Geological Survey, Wuhan (in Chinese)
Wada CA, Pongkijyorasin S, Burnett KM (2020) Mountain-to-sea ecological-resource management: Forested watersheds, coastal aquifers, and groundwater dependent ecosystems. Resource and Energy Economics 59:101146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2019.101146
Wang P (1985) Fuzzy set and random set shadow. Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Jiao JJ (2012) Origin of groundwater salinity and hydrogeochemical processes in the confined Quaternary aquifer of the Pearl River Delta, China. J Hydrol 438:112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.008
Wang Y, Jiao JJ, Zhang K, Zhou YZ (2016) Enrichment and mechanisms of heavy metal mobility in a coastal quaternary groundwater system of the Pearl River Delta, China. Sci Total Environ 545:493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.019
Wang JS, Diao MZ, Yue KH (2017) Optimization on pinch point temperature difference of ORC system based on AHP-entropy method. Energy 141:97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.052
Wang H, Jin YN, Tan X (2020) Study on sustainable development of the transnational power grid interconnection projects under diversified risks based on variable weight theory and Bayesian network. Math Probl Eng 2020:5361561. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5361561
Wei X, Wu CY (2011) Holocene delta evolution and sequence stratigraphy of the Pearl River Delta in South China. Science China-Earth Sciences 54(10):1523–1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4238-6
Wei AH, Li D, Zhou YH, Deng Q, Yan LD (2021) A novel combination approach for karst collapse susceptibility assessment using the analytic hierarchy process, catastrophe, and entropy model. Nat Hazards 105(1):405–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04317-w
Wu CS, Yang SL, Huang SC, Mu JB (2016) Delta changes in the Pearl River estuary and its response to human activities (1954–2008). Quatern Int 392:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.009
Wu Q, Zhao DK, Wang Y, Shen JJ, Mu WP, Liu HL (2017) Method for assessing coal-floor water-inrush risk based on the variable-weight model and unascertained measure theory. Hydrologeology Journal 25(7):2089–2103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1614-0
Wu YB, Jiang XZ, Guan ZD, Luo WQ, Wang YL (2018) AHP-based evaluation of the karst collapse susceptibility in Tailai Basin, Shandong Province. China Environmental Earth Sciences 77(12):436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7609-x
Wu XJ, Zhang L, Hu BX, Wang Y, Xu ZY (2020) Isotopic and hydrochemical evidence for the salinity origin in the coastal aquifers of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou. China Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 235:103732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103732
Xu W, Su XS (2019) Challenges and impacts of climate change and human activities on groundwater-dependent ecosystems in arid areas - a case study of the Nalenggele alluvial fan in NW China. J Hydrol 573:376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.082
Yadegaridehkordi E, Nasir MHNB, Noor NFBM, Shuib L, Badie N (2018) Predicting the adoption of cloud-based technology using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and structural equation modelling approaches. Appl Soft Comput 66:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2017.12.051
Yan QY, Zhang MJ, Li W, Qin GY (2020) Risk assessment of new energy vehicle supply chain based on variable weight theory and cloud model: a case study in China. Sustainability 12(8):3150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083150
Yang J, Tang ZH, Jiao T, Muhammad AM (2017) Combining AHP and genetic algorithms approaches to modify DRASTIC model to assess groundwater vulnerability: a case study from Jianghan Plain. China Environmental Earth Sciences 76(12):426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6759-6
Yaraghi N, Tabesh P, Guan PQ, Zhuang J (2015) Comparison of AHP and Monte Carlo AHP under different levels of uncertainty. IEEE Trans Eng Manage 62(1):122–132. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2014.2360082
Yilmaz I (2007) GIS based susceptibility mapping of karst depression in gypsum: a case study from Sivas basin. Eng Geol 90(1–2):89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.12.004
Yu CS (2002) A GP-AHP method for solving group decision-making fuzzy AHP problems. Comput Oper Res 29(14):1969–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0548(01)00068-5
Zarghami E, Azemati H, Fatourehchi D, Karamloo M (2018) Customizing well-known sustainability assessment tools for Iranian residential buildings using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Build Environ 128:107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.032
Zhang ZH, Li LR (2005) China resources of China. Sino Maps Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Zhang QQ, Sun JC, Liu JT, Huang GX, Lu C, Zhang YX (2015) Driving mechanism and sources of groundwater nitrate contamination in the rapidly urbanized region of south China. J Contam Hydrol 182:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.09.009
Zhang FG, Huang GX, Hou QX, Liu CY, Zhang Y, Zhang Q (2019a) Groundwater quality in the Pearl River Delta after the rapid expansion of industrialization and urbanization: distributions, main impact indicators, and driving forces. J Hydrol 577:124004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124004
Zhang J, Wu Q, Mu WP, Du YZ, Tu K (2019b) Integrating the hierarchy-variable-weight model with collaboration-competition theory for assessing coal-floor water-inrush risk. Environmental Earth Sciences 78(6):205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8217-0
Zhang M, Huang GX, Liu GX, Zhang Y, Chen ZY, Wang JC (2020) Distributions and origins of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in various aquifers in an urbanized coastal area, south China. J Hydrol 582:124528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124528
Zhang EL, Zhuo JM, Hou L, Fu CH, Guo T (2021) Comprehensive annoyance modeling of forklift sound quality based on rank score comparison and multi-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Appl Acoust 173:107705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107705
Zhao W, Gan FP, Meng Y, Zheng ZJ, Liu XM (2018) Application of seismic velocity tomography in investigation of karst collapse hazards, Guangzhou. China Environmental Earth Sciences 77(6):258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7419-1
Zheng GZ, Wang YJ, Li C, Wang X (2020) Real-time quantification of human physiological state in high temperature environments based on variable weight theory. J Therm Biol 89:102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102531
Zhou YX, Wang LY, Liu JR, Li WP, Zheng YJ (2012) Options of sustainable groundwater development in Beijing Plain, China. Phys Chem Earth 47–48:99–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.001
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Wuhan Center of Geological Survey for data curation. The authors also thank Mr. Zuo Liu and Zechen Zhang for their assistance in the analysis and visualization. The authors are grateful to the editor and reviewers for their suggestions.
Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) [No. CUGCJ1822].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Peng Huang: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, visualization.
Chuanming Ma: Writing—review and editing.
Aiguo Zhou: Resources, data curation, funding acquisition.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Xianliang Yi
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, P., Ma, C. & Zhou, A. Assessment of groundwater sustainable development considering geo-environment stability and ecological environment: a case study in the Pearl River Delta, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 18010–18035 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16924-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16924-6