Abstract
Land subsidence is a complicated hazard that artificial intelligence models can model it without approximation and simplification. In this study, for the first time in land subsidence studies, we used and compared the accuracy and efficiency of hybrid fuzzy-gene expression programming (F-GEP) and fuzzy-artificial neural network (F-ANN) models in estimating land subsidence susceptibility modeling in Varamin aquifer of Iran. For this purpose, after selecting and gathering information from fifteen geo-environmental and hydrogeological effectual factors including specific yield, erosion, aquifer thickness, distance of fault, bedrock level, digital elevation model (DEM), annual rainfall, clay thickness, transmissivity (T), soil type, Debi zonation of pumping wells, slope based on DEM, groundwater drawdown in 20 years, land use, and lithological units event based on literature review in the GIS environment, they were first standardized with GIS fuzzy membership functions, and then GEP model was used to integrate the layers. For this step, using 70% of the data (2919 pixels) for the train and 30% (1251 pixels) for the test. Finally, using several statistical criteria and radar image data, the models were validated. We repeat the model on ANN, and our results showed that F-GEP model (with R2 = 0.99 and RMSE = 0.004) is more accurate than F-ANN model (with R2 = 0.94 and RMSE = 0.056) for land subsidence susceptibility modeling in the study area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aalipour Erdi M, Malekmohammadi B, Jafari HR (2017) Risk zoning of land subsidence due to groundwater level declining using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Iran J Watershed Manag Sci Eng 11:25–34
Abass SA, Mervat ZS, Abdallah AS (2011) Integer programming model for generation expansion planning problem under fuzzy environment. Int J Manag Sci Eng Manag 6:323–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509653.2011.10671180
Abbasi A, Khalili K, Behmanesh J, Shirzad A (2019) Drought monitoring and prediction using SPEI index and gene expression programming model in the west of Urmia Lake. Theor Appl Climatol 138:553–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02825-9
Abdollahi S, Pourghasemi HR, Ghanbarian GA, Safaeian R (2019) Prioritization of effective factors in the occurrence of land subsidence and its susceptibility mapping using an SVM model and their different kernel functions. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:4017–4034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1403-6
Alavi AH, Aminian P, Gandomi AH, Esmaeili MA (2011) Genetic-based modeling of uplift capacity of suction caissons. Expert Syst Appl 38:12608–12618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.049
Alimohammadi A (2009) Provision and preparation of provincial planning plan, Studies of natural and environmental resources, analysis of the status of geology, mineral resources and soil. Deputy of Planning, Tehran Governorate
Alkroosh I, Ammash H (2015) Soft computing for modeling punching shear of reinforced concrete flat slabs. Ain Shams Eng J 6:439–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.12.001
Arca D, Kutoğlu HŞ, Becek K (2018) Landslide susceptibility mapping in an area of underground mining using the multicriteria decision analysis method. Environ Monit 190:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7085-5
Arjun CR, Kumar A (2011) Neural network estimation of duration of strong ground motion using Japanese earthquake records. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31:866–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.01.001
Atarzadeh AA, Tavana B, Abrazi B (2014) Quantitative and contamination studies of Varamin aquifer (Groundwater studies). Yekom Consulting Engineering
Ayalew L, Yamagishi H, Marui H, Kanno T (2005) Landslides in Sado Island of Japan: Part II. GIS-based susceptibility mapping with comparisons of results from two methods and verifications. Eng Geol 81:432–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.08.004
Aziz K, Haque MM, Rahman A, Shamseldin AY, Shoaib M (2017) Flood estimation in ungauged catchments: application of artificial intelligence based methods for Eastern Australia. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 31:1499–1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1272-0
Barbulescu A, Popescu-Bodorin N (2019) Assessing the history-based predictability of regional monthly precipitation data using statistical and fuzzy methods. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 33:1435–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01702-1
Barzegar R, Adamowski J, Moghaddam AA (2016) Application of wavelet-artificial intelligence hybrid models for water quality prediction: a case study in Aji-Chay River, Iran. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 30:1797–1819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1213-y
Behyari M, Alizadeh A, Mahmoodi S (2017) Evaluation of the effect active structures on land subsidence risk using multi-criteria decision models. J Adv Appl Geology 7(49–5):6. https://doi.org/10.22055/aag.2017.13229
Berberian M, King GCP (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Can J Earth Sci 18:210–265. https://doi.org/10.1139/e81-019
Bianchini S, Solari L, Del Soldato M, Raspini F, Montalti R, Ciampalini A, Casagli N (2019) Ground subsidence susceptibility (GSS) mapping in Grosseto Plain (Tuscany, Italy) based on satellite InSAR data using frequency ratio and fuzzy logic. Rem Sens 11:2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172015
Burbey TJ (2002) The influence of faults in basin-fill deposits on land subsidence, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, USA. Hydrogeol J 10:525–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0215-7
Calderhead AI, Therrien R, Rivera A, Martel R, Garfias J (2011) Simulating pumping-induced regional land subsidence with the use of InSAR and field data in the Toluca Valley, Mexico. Adv Water Resour 34:83–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.09.017
Chanapathi T, Thatikonda S, Pandey VP, Shrestha S (2019) Fuzzy-based approach for evaluating groundwater sustainability of Asian cities. Sustain Cities Soc 44:321–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.027
Chen Y, Shu L, Burbey TJ (2013) Composite subsidence vulnerability assessment based on an index model and index decomposition method. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 19:674–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2012.691405
Chen B, Gong H, Li X, Lei K, Zhu L, Gao M, Zhou C (2016) Characterization and causes of land subsidence in Beijing, China. Int J Rem Sens 38:808–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1259674
Chen B et al (2019) Land subsidence lagging quantification in the main exploration aquifer layers in Beijing plain, China. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 75:54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.09.003
Dai FC, Lee CF (2001) Terrain-based mapping of landslide susceptibility using a geographical information system: a case study. Can Geotech J 38:911–923. https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-021
Danandeh Mehr A, Kahya E, Yerdelen C (2014) Linear genetic programming application for successive-station monthly streamflow prediction. Comput Geosci 70:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.04.015
De Wiest RJM (1966) On the storage coefficient and the equations of groundwater flow. J Geophys Res 1896–1977(71):1117–1122. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i004p01117
Dehghani M, Zoej MJV, Entezam I (2013) Neural network modelling of Tehran land subsidence measured by persistent scatterer interferometry. Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinf 2013:5–17. https://doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2013/0154
Dey P, Sarkar A, Kumar Das A (2015) Prediction of unsteady mixed convection over circular cylinder in the presence of nanofluid—a comparative study of ann and gep. J Nav Architect Mar Eng 12:57–71. https://doi.org/10.3329/jname.v12i1.21812
Elalfy D, Gad W, Ismail R (2018) A hybrid model to predict best answers in question answering communities. Egypt Inform J 19:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2017.06.002
Elhatip H, Hınıs MA, Gülbahar N (2008) Evaluation of the water quality at Tahtali dam watershed in Izmir-Turkey by means of statistical methodology. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 22:391–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-007-0127-0
Ferreira C (2001) Gene expression programming: a new adaptive algorithm for solving problems. arXiv preprint cs/0102027 http://www.gene-expression-programming.com/webpapers/GEP.pdf
Ferreira C (2006) Gene expression programming: mathematical modeling by an artificial intelligence vol 21. Studies in computational intelligence. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32849-1
Galloway DL, Burbey TJ (2011) Review: regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction. Hydrogeol J 19:1459–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5
Ghorbanzadeh O, Blaschke T, Aryal J, Gholaminia K (2018) A new GIS-based technique using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for land subsidence susceptibility mapping. Spat Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2018.1505564
Guven A, Kisi O (2013) Monthly pan evaporation modeling using linear genetic programming. J Hydrol 503:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.08.043
Hu RL, Yue ZQ, Wang LC, Wang SJ (2004) Review on current status and challenging issues of land subsidence in China. Eng Geol 76:65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.006
Hu L et al (2019) Land subsidence in Beijing and its relationship with geological faults revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR observations. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 82:101886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.05.019
Hyndman RJ, Koehler AB (2006) Another look at measures of forecast accuracy. Int J Forecast 22:679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.03.001
IIEES (2010) An analysis of source parameters of earthquakes in Tehran region. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. http://www.iiees.ac.ir/en/?s=varamin. Accessed 6 July 2019
Ilia I, Loupasakis C, Tsangaratos P (2018) Land subsidence phenomena investigated by spatiotemporal analysis of groundwater resources, remote sensing techniques, and random forest method: the case of Western Thessaly, Greece. Environ Monit 190:623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6992-9
Jahangoshai Rezaee M, Yousefi S, Eshkevari M, Valipour M, Saberi M (2020) Risk analysis of health, safety and environment in chemical industry integrating linguistic FMEA, fuzzy inference system and fuzzy DEA. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 34:201–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01754-3
Jamshidi S et al (2019) Combining gene expression programming and genetic algorithm as a powerful hybrid modeling approach for pear rootstocks tissue culture media formulation. Plant Methods 15:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0520-y
Karsli F, Atasoy M, Yalcin A, Reis S, Demir O, Gokceoglu C (2009) Effects of land-use changes on landslides in a landslide-prone area (Ardesen, Rize, NE Turkey). Environ Monit 156:241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0481-5
Kisi O, Khosravinia P, Nikpour MR, Sanikhani H (2019) Hydrodynamics of river-channel confluence: toward modeling separation zone using GEP, MARS, M5 Tree and DENFIS techniques. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 33:1089–1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01684-0
Lashkaripour G, Rostami Barani H, Kohandel A, Torshizi H (2006) Decline in groundwater levels and land subsidence in the Kashmar plain. Paper presented at the international conference on earth sciences, Tehran, Iran. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294688542_Decline_in_groundwater_levels_and_land_subsidence_in_the_Kashmar_plain. Accessed 6 July 2019
Leduc R, Ouldali S (1990) Probabilistic modeling of aerated lagoons: a comparison of methodologies. Stoch Hydrol Hydraul 4:65–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01547733
Lehmann EL, Casella G (1998) Theory of point estimation, 2nd edn. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/b98854
Li L, Zhang M (2018) Inverse modeling of interbed parameters and transmissivity using land subsidence and drawdown data. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 32:921–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-017-1396-x
Lixin Y, Fang Z, He X, Shijie C, Wei W, Qiang Y (2011) Land subsidence in Tianjin, China. Environ Earth Sci 62:1151–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0604-5
Lohman S (1961) Compression of elastic artesian aquifers. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 424-B:47–49
Luo Z, Luo Z, Qin Y, Wen L, Ma S, Dai Z (2019) Developing new tree expression programing and artificial bee colony technique for prediction and optimization of landslide movement. Eng Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00754-9
Mahmoudpour M, Khamehchiyan M, Nikudel M, Gassemi M (2013) Characterization of regional land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawals in Tehran, Iran. Geopersia 3:49–62. https://doi.org/10.22059/jgeope.2013.36014
Manafiazar A, Khamehchiyan M, Nadiri A (2019) Comparison of Vulnerability of the Southwest Tehran Plain Aquifer with Simple Weighting Model (ALPRIFT Model) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Kharazmi J Earth Sci 4:199–212
Maroufpoor S, Shiri J, Maroufpoor E (2019) Modeling the sprinkler water distribution uniformity by data-driven methods based on effective variables. Agric Water Manag 215:63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.01.008
Mehdizadeh S, Behmanesh J, Khalili K (2016) Comparison of artificial intelligence methods and empirical equations to estimate daily solar radiation. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 146:215–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.06.006
Minderhoud PSJ, Coumou L, Erban LE, Middelkoop H, Stouthamer E, Addink EA (2018) The relation between land use and subsidence in the Vietnamese Mekong delta. Sci Total Environ 634:715–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.372
Moeeni H, Bonakdari H (2017) Forecasting monthly inflow with extreme seasonal variation using the hybrid SARIMA-ANN model. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 31:1997–2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1273-z
Moghassem A, Fallahpour A (2013) Yarn strength modelling using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and gene expression programming (GEP). J Eng Fibers Fabr. https://doi.org/10.1177/155892501300800409
Mohammady M, Pourghasemi HR, Amiri M (2019) Land subsidence susceptibility assessment using random forest machine learning algorithm. Environ Earth Sci 78:503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8518-3
Mohammadzadeh D, Kazemi S-F, Mosavi A, Nasseralshariati E, Tah J (2019) Prediction of compression index of fine-grained soils using a gene expression programming model. Infrastructures 4:26. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4020026
Mohebbi Tafreshi A, Mohebbi Tafreshi G, Bijeh Keshavarzi MH (2018) Qualitative zoning of groundwater to assessment suitable drinking water using fuzzy logic spatial modelling via GIS. Water Environ J 32:607–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12358
Mohebbi Tafreshi G, Nakhaei M, Lak R (2019) Land subsidence risk assessment using GIS fuzzy logic spatial modeling in Varamin aquifer, Iran. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10129-8
Mokhtari H, Espahbod M (2009) The Investigation of hydrodynamic parameters potentiality of the Varamin Plan regarding the variation of salinity gradient. J Earth 4:27–47
Motagh M, Djamour Y, Walter TR, Wetzel H-U, Zschau J, Arabi S (2007) Land subsidence in Mashhad Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR, levelling and GPS. Geophys J Int 168:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03246.x
Mousavi SM, Shamsai A, Naggar MHE, Khamehchian M (2001) A GPS-based monitoring program of land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in Iran. Can J Civ Eng 28:452–464. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-013
Naghibi SA, Pourghasemi HR, Abbaspour K (2018) A comparison between ten advanced and soft computing models for groundwater qanat potential assessment in Iran using R and GIS. Theor Appl Climatol 131:967–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-2022-4
Nakhaei M, Mohebbi Tafreshi A, Mohebbi Tafreshi G (2019) Modeling and predicting changes of TDS concentration in Varamin aquifer using GMS software. J Adv Appl Geol 9:25–37. https://doi.org/10.22055/aag.2019.27539.1903
Nameghi H, Hosseini SM, Sharifi MB (2013) An analytical procedure for estimating land subsidence parameters using field data and InSAR images in Neyshabur plain. Sci Q J Iran Assoc Eng Geol 6:33–50
Nejatijahromi Z, Nassery HR, Hosono T, Nakhaei M, Alijani F, Okumura A (2019) Groundwater nitrate contamination in an area using urban wastewaters for agricultural irrigation under arid climate condition, southeast of Tehran, Iran. Agric Water Manag 221:397–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.04.015
NGOI (2008) Topography map (1:50000). National Geographic Organization of Iran. http://www.ngo-org.ir/. Accessed 6 July 2019
Nourani V, Kisi Ö, Komasi M (2011) Two hybrid artificial intelligence approaches for modeling rainfall–runoff process. J Hydrol 402:41–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.002
Nourani V, Pradhan B, Ghaffari H, Sharifi SS (2014) Landslide susceptibility mapping at Zonouz Plain, Iran using genetic programming and comparison with frequency ratio, logistic regression, and artificial neural network models. Nat Hazards 71:523–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0932-3
Oh HJ, Lee S (2010) Assessment of ground subsidence using GIS and the weights-of-evidence model. Eng Geol 115:36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.06.015
Oh HJ, Syifa M, Lee CW, Lee S (2019) Land subsidence susceptibility mapping using bayesian, functional, and meta-ensemble machine learning models. Appl Sci 9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061248
Pacheco J, Arzate J, Rojas E, Arroyo M, Yutsis V, Ochoa G (2006) Delimitation of ground failure zones due to land subsidence using gravity data and finite element modeling in the Querétaro valley, México. Eng Geol 84:143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.12.003
Parasuraman K, Elshorbagy A, Carey SK (2007) Modelling the dynamics of the evapotranspiration process using genetic programming. Hydrol Sci J 52:563–578. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.3.563
Park I, Choi J, Jin Lee M, Lee S (2012) Application of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to ground subsidence hazard mapping. Comput Geosci 48:228–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.005
Pashazadeh A, Javan M (2020) Comparison of the gene expression programming, artificial neural network (ANN), and equivalent Muskingum inflow models in the flood routing of multiple branched rivers. Theor Appl Climatol 139:1349–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03032-2
Pham A-D, Hoang N-D, Nguyen Q-T (2016) Predicting compressive strength of high-performance concrete using metaheuristic-optimized least squares support vector regression. J Comput Civ Eng 30:06015002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000506
Poland JF (1984) Guidebook to studies of land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, Studies and Reports in Hydrology 40:305. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_4d651c8f-42bd-478e-8f0e-318b0ef13ec2?_=065167engo.pdf
Pourghasemi HR, Mohseni Saravi M (2019) 6-Land-subsidence spatial modeling using the random forest data-mining technique. In: Pourghasemi HR, Gokceoglu C (eds) Spatial modeling in GIS and R for Earth and environmental sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815226-3.00006-5
Pradhan B, Abokharima MH, Jebur MN, Shafapour Tehrany M (2014) Land subsidence susceptibility mapping at Kinta Valley (Malaysia) using the evidential belief function model in GIS. Nat Hazards 73:1019–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1128-1
Putra DPE, Setianto A, Keokhampui K, Fukuoka H (2011) Land subsidence risk assessment in Karst Region, Case Study: Rongkop, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta-Indonesia In: Mitteilungen zur Ingenieurgeologie und Hydrogeologie-Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Univ.Prof. Dr. Rafig Azzam. RWTH Aachen University, German, pp 39–50. https://repository.ugm.ac.id/id/eprint/134971. Accessed 6 July 2019
Rafie M, Samimi Namin F (2015) Prediction of subsidence risk by FMEA using artificial neural network and fuzzy inference system. Int J Min Sci Technol 25:655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.05.021
Rahmati O, Golkarian A, Biggs T, Keesstra S, Mohammadi F, Daliakopoulos IN (2019) Land subsidence hazard modeling: machine learning to identify predictors and the role of human activities. J Environ Manag 236:466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.020
Raines GL, Sawatzky DL, Bonham-Carter GF (2010) New fuzzy logic tools in ArcGIS 10. http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0410/files/fuzzylogic.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2019
Rajabi AM, Ghorbani E (2016) Land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in Arak plain, Markazi province, Iran. Arab J Geosci 9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2753-7
Ranjbar A, Ehteshami M (2019) Development of an Uncertainty Based Model to Predict Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater Extraction (Case Study: Tehran Basin). Geotech Geol Eng 37:3205–3219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00837-w
Rezaee P (2016) Forecast locations at risk of subsidence plain Kermanshah. J Spat Plan 20:235–251
Ross TJ (2005) Fuzzy logic with engineering applications. Wiley, New York
Saberi M, Mirtalaie MS, Hussain FK, Azadeh A, Hussain OK, Ashjari B (2013) A granular computing-based approach to credit scoring modeling. Neurocomputing 122:100–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.05.020
Sadeghi A, Fonodi M, Davari M, Nourozi M, Zakili F, Keihani A (2006) One hundred thousandth geology map of Varamin. Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran (in Pesian). https://gsi.ir/fa/map/207/-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86. Accessed 6 July 2019
Samui P (2008) Prediction of friction capacity of driven piles in clay using the support vector machine. Can Geotech J 45:288–295. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-072
Samui P (2014) Vector machine techniques for modeling of seismic liquefaction data. Ain Shams Eng J 5:355–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2013.12.004
SCWMRI (2010) Erosion, land use and soil maps (1:250000). Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. https://www.environmental-expert.com/companies/soil-conservation-and-watershed-management-research-institute-scwmri-24937. Accessed 6 July 2019
Sentinel-1 (2015) https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1. Accessed 6 July 2019
Shadfar S, Nasiri E, Chitgar S, Ahmadi A (2016) Hazard zonation of land subsidence using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) case study (city of Buin Zahra). Territory 12:101–116
Shemshaki A, Boulourchi MJ, Entezam Soltani I (2006) The study of land subsidence in Tehran plain and its casual factors. Paper presented at the 24th Earth Sciences meeting, Geological survey and mineral explorations of Iran. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-GSI24-GSI24_071.html. Accessed 6 July 2019
Singh O, Su EC-Y (2016) Prediction of HIV-1 protease cleavage site using a combination of sequence, structural, and physicochemical features. BMC Bioinform 17:478. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-016-1337-6
Suh J, Choi YE, Park H-D, Yoon S-H, Go W-R (2013) Subsidence hazard assessment at the Samcheok Coalfield, South Korea: a case study using GIS. Environ Eng Geosci 19:69–83
Sundell J, Haaf E, Tornborg J, Rosén L (2019) Comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater drawdown induced subsidence. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 33:427–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-018-01647-x
Taheri Z, Barzghari G, Dideban K (2018) A framework to estimation of potential subsidence of the aquifer using algorithm genetic. Iran Water Resour Res 14:182–194
Taravatrooy N, Nikoo MR, Sadegh M, Parvinnia M (2018) A hybrid clustering-fusion methodology for land subsidence estimation. Nat Hazards 94:905–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3431-8
Terzaghi K (1925) Principles of soil mechanics, IV—Settlement and consolidation of clay vol 95. http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&volume=95&publication_year=1925&pages=874-878&journal=Eng.+News+Rec.&issue=3&author=K.+Terzaghi&title=Principles+of+soil+mechanics%2C+IV%2C+Settlement+and+consolidation+of+clay. Accessed 6 July 2019
Tien Bui D, Pham BT, Nguyen QP, Hoang N-D (2016) Spatial prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides using hybrid integration approach of least-squares support vector machines and differential evolution optimization: a case study in Central Vietnam. Int J Digit Earth 9:1077–1097. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2016.1169561
Tien Bui D et al (2018) Land subsidence susceptibility mapping in South Korea using machine learning algorithms. Sensors (Basel) 18:1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082464
Tongal H, Booij MJ (2017) Quantification of parametric uncertainty of ANN models with GLUE method for different streamflow dynamics. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 31:993–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-017-1408-x
TRWA (2018) Report of groundwater resources studies in Varamin Area (in Persian).Tehran Regional Water Authority
UNESCO (2018) Proposal for the establishment of the land subsidence international initative (LaSII). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. International Hydrological Programme, Paris. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwit4vSPqs3jAhUisaQKHe_NA-kQFjABegQIAhAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fic-xiii_ref_5_land_subsidence.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0_RGemY4ifoJiBQDz7dBnN. Accessed 6 July 2019
USGS (2019a) Land subsidence in California. Cause and effect. United State Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ca-water-ls/science/cause-and-effect. Accessed 6 July 2019
USGS (2019b) Land subsidence. United State Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/land-subsidence?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
Waltham AC (1989) Ground subsidence. Blackie Glasgow. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ground%20subsidence&author=AC.%20Waltham&publication_year=1989. Accessed 6 July 2019
Wang B, Chen Z (2015) A model-based fuzzy set-OWA approach for integrated air pollution risk assessment. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 29:1413–1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-014-0994-0
Wang P, Hu JC (2019) A hybrid model for EEG-based gender recognition. Cogn Neurodyn 13:541–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-019-09543-y
Wang G, Qin L, Li G, Chen L (2009) Landfill site selection using spatial information technologies and AHP: a case study in Beijing, China. J Environ Manag 90:2414–2421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.008
Wang W, Ruan W, Li Q (2010) Fuzzy decision tree construction with gene expression programming. In: 2010 IEEE international conference on intelligent systems and knowledge engineering, 15–16 Nov. 2010, pp 244-248. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISKE.2010.5680877
Wang S, Fu Z-y, Chen H-s, Nie Y-p, Wang K-l (2016) Modeling daily reference ET in the karst area of northwest Guangxi (China) using gene expression programming (GEP) and artificial neural network (ANN). Theor Appl Climatol 126:493–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1602-z
Wang HW, Lin CW, Yang CY, Ding CF, Hwung HH, Hsiao SC (2018) Assessment of land subsidence and climate change impacts on inundation hazard in Southwestern Taiwan. Irrigat Drain 67:26–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2206
Wang Y, Wang Z, Cheng W (2019) A review on land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in Xi’an, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:2851–2863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1278-6
Willmott CJ, Matsuura K (2005) Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance. Clim Res 30:79–82. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr030079
Wolpert DH, Macready WG (1997) No free lunch theorems for optimization. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.585893
WRI (2014) Prediction of subsidence due to groundwater resource utilization using combined modeling and interferometric technique in radar satellite imagery. Water Research Institute. Iran Ministry of Energy http://wrr-wri.ir/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Qom.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2019
Yu HM, Wu YX, Shen JS, Zhou AN (2018) Assessment of social-economic risk of Chinese dual land use system using fuzzy AHP. Sustainability 10:2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072451
Zadeh LA (1965) Fuzzy sets. Fuzzy Sets Inf Control 8:338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
Zaman Zad Ghavidel S, Montaseri M (2014) Application of different data-driven methods for the prediction of total dissolved solids in the Zarinehroud basin. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 28:2101–2118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-014-0899-y
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Research Institute for Earth Sciences (RIES), Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) (No. 98-P-T-114). The authors also are thankful to Kharazmi University, Dr. Shemshaki and Dr. Morsali in GSI, and Dr. Heydarian and Dr. Mokhtari in Regional Water Company of Tehran (RWCT) for providing the necessary data to carry out this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict interest.
Ethical standards
It is confirmed that this manuscript is an original work of the authors and has not been published or under review in another refereed journal, and is not published anywhere.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohebbi Tafreshi, G., Nakhaei, M. & Lak, R. A GIS-based comparative study of hybrid fuzzy-gene expression programming and hybrid fuzzy-artificial neural network for land subsidence susceptibility modeling. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 34, 1059–1087 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01810-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01810-3