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Groundwater geochemical signatures and implication for sustainable development in a typical endorheic watershed on Tibetan plateau

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Abstract

Groundwater resource is significantly important for sustainable development of the world, especially for arid endorheic watersheds. A total of 28 groundwaters were collected for hydrogeochemical analysis from the arid Chaka watershed on Tibetan plateau to illustrate the hydrochemical evolution, formation mechanisms and feasibility of groundwater in small arid endorheic watersheds where groundwater is much scarcer. The results showed groundwater has a slightly alkaline nature, and varies from soft fresh HCO3-Ca type to hard brackish/saline Cl-Na type along the groundwater flow path in the watershed with the total hardness in the range of 270–2,127 mg/L and the total dissolved solids in the range of 282–41,770 mg/L. Nitrogen and fluoride in phreatic water are found sporadically exceeding the permissible limits with the maximum value of 118 mg/L for nitrate, 1.2 mg/L for ammonia and 1.2 mg/L for fluoride. Hydrochemistry of phreatic and confined groundwater is naturally governed by water-rock interactions including minerals (halite, gypsum and anhydrite) dissolution, silicate weathering and cation-exchange reaction. The salinity of phreatic water is also dominantly controlled by the strong evaporation. Human activity is one of the important mechanisms influencing the hydrochemical signature of groundwater regardless of the depth. Groundwater has a great hydrogeochemical discrepancy spatially across the watershed and varies from excellent to extremely poor quality in phreatic aquifers. A better water quality that under the good to medium categories was observed in the confined aquifers with 80% of samples having the EWQI value less than 100 and others in the range of 100–150. Phreatic groundwater away from the river and in the downstream area has a relatively poor quality for domestic and agricultural purposes, and should be avoided to direct utilization. This research can improve the understanding of groundwater hydrogeochemical feature, genesis, and its constraints on the availability and feasibility of groundwater resources in small arid watersheds worldwide.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Editor and anonymous reviewers whose insightful comments were very helpful in improving the paper.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 42007183, 41702282, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number 2682019CX14, the China Geological Survey Project, grant number DD20160238, DD20190303, the Research Project on Teaching Reform of Southwest Jiaotong University, grant number 20201023-04, and the Student Research Training Program of Southwest Jiaotong University, grant number 201015.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China

    Yinfei Luo

  2. Bureau of Qinghai Environmental Geological Prospecting, Xi’ning, 810007, China

    Yinfei Luo, Zhen Zhao, Shengbin Wang & Gaofeng Dong

  3. Key Lab of Geo-environment of Qinghai Province, Xi’ning, 810007, China

    Yinfei Luo, Zhen Zhao, Shengbin Wang & Gaofeng Dong

  4. Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China

    Yong Xiao & Yunhui Zhang

  5. Yibin Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Yibin, 644000, China

    Yong Xiao & Yunhui Zhang

  6. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China

    Qichen Hao

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Conceptualization: Yinfei Luo, Yong Xiao, Qichen Hao; Methodology: Yinfei Luo, Yong Xiao, Yunhui Zhang, Shengbin Wang; formal analysis: Yinfei Luo, Zhen Zhao, Qichen Hao; investigation: Zhen Zhao, Shengbin Wang, Gaofeng Dong; data curation: Yinfei Luo, Yong Xiao, Shengbin Wang; writing-original draft: Yinfei Luo, Yong Xiao; writing-review and editing: Qichen Hao, Yunhui Zhang; supervision: Qichen Hao.

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Luo, Y., Xiao, Y., Hao, Q. et al. Groundwater geochemical signatures and implication for sustainable development in a typical endorheic watershed on Tibetan plateau. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 48312–48329 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14018-x

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