Abstract
Recent studies have shown that exposure to hydrothermal emissions has a negative impact on the respiratory system. Still, volcanogenic air pollution studies are still outnumbered when compared to anthropogenic studies which can result in an unknown risk to the human populations living near volcanically active areas. This study was carried out in São Miguel Island, with noneruptive volcanically active environments, such as the Furnas volcano caldera. Its noneruptive volcanism presents itself as hydrothermal emissions, mainly by the release of nearly 1000 T d−1 of CO2 along with H2S, and the radioactive gas radon; metals [e.g., mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)] and particulate matter are also released in a daily basis. We test the hypothesis whether chronic exposure to hydrothermal emissions causes pulmonary oxidative stress, using Mus musculus as a surrogate species. Mus musculus was live-captured in two villages with hydrothermal emissions and one village without any type of volcanic activity. The level of pulmonary oxidative stress was immunohistochemically assessed by using an OxyIHCTM Oxidative stress detection kit, and the detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was used to evaluate apoptosis in lung tissues. Mice chronically exposed to hydrothermal emissions presented increased levels of oxidative stress and amount of apoptotic cells. We demonstrate, for the first time, the high oxidative stress potential in the lungs of mice chronically exposed to hydrothermal emissions. This study highlights the usefulness of M. musculus as a bioindicator species and enforces the necessity of regularly biomonitor the inhabitants of hydrothermal areas to prevent respiratory pathologies.
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Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- TUNEL:
-
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Paulo Melo for the field assistance in the capture of M. musculus.
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Ricardo Camarinho is currently supported by a PhD fellowship grant (M3.1.a/F/048/2015) from Fundo Regional da Ciência (Regional Government of the Azores).
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A.R., P.G., and R.C. organized the concept art, planned the experiments, and oversaw the overall scientific direction. R.C. carried out the field capture, sample preparation, and experiments. R.C. performed the measurements and, together with A.R. and H.C., processed the experimental data. R.C. and P.G. performed the statistical analysis and, together with H.C. and A.R, completed the interpretation of the results. R.C. took the lead in the writing of the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript writing.
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This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Azores (Ref. 10/2020), and all the procedures were carried out in strict accordance to the European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used in experimental and other scientific purposes (ETS123), directive 2010/63/EU, and Portuguese law decree (DL 113/2013). All procedures were carried out in order to minimize animal suffering.
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Chronic exposure to noneruptive volcanic activity causes pulmonary oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Camarinho, R., Garcia, P.V., Choi, H. et al. Pulmonary oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice chronically exposed to hydrothermal volcanic emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 35709–35716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13043-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13043-0