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Co-application of 6-ketone type brassinosteroid and metal chelator alleviates cadmium toxicity in B. juncea L.

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Abstract

Plant growth regulator-assisted phytoremediation has been assessed as a novel strategy to improve phytoremediation potential of plants. In the present work, potential of castasterone, a plant growth regulator, combined with citric acid was explored for phytoremediation of cadmium in Brassica juncea seedlings. The seedlings were raised under controlled laboratory conditions for 7 days. Results revealed that 0.6 mM cadmium exposure induced toxicity in the seedlings, which was reflected through root growth inhibition, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and loss of cell viability. Pre-sowing treatment of castasterone supplemented with citric acid enhanced cadmium accumulation in the roots (from 752 μg/g DW to 1192 μg/g DW) and shoots (from 88 μg/g DW to 311 μg/g DW) and also improved root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedlings by 81, 17, 39, and 35 %, respectively. The co-application reduced malondialdehyde accumulation by 39 % and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, polyphenol oxidase), maximum enhancement (82 %) being in polyphenol oxidase. Similarly, the contents of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants were found to increase by 31 and 4 %, respectively. Confocal microscopy revealed enhanced content of NO. Results suggested that binary combination of castasterone and citric acid is helpful in improving cadmium accumulation and ameliorating metal toxicity in B. juncea seedlings.

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Abbreviations

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

PPB:

Potassium phosphate buffer

TEMED:

N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine

PMSF:

Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

NADPH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

nM:

Nanomole/liter

mM:

Millimole/liter

DW:

Dry weight

FW:

Fresh weight

MLR:

Multiple linear regression

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

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Acknowledgment

Research fellowship to the first author was provided by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, under the INSPIRE scheme. The authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for establishing sophisticated instrumentation facilities in the university campus under the universities with potential for excellence (UPE) scheme.

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  1. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005,, India

    Ravdeep Kaur, Poonam Yadav, Ashwani Kumar Thukral & Renu Bhardwaj

  2. Emerging Life Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005,, India

    Amandeep Walia

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  1. Ravdeep Kaur
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  2. Poonam Yadav
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  3. Ashwani Kumar Thukral
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  4. Amandeep Walia
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  5. Renu Bhardwaj
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Correspondence to Renu Bhardwaj.

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Responsible editor: Elena Maestri

Highlights

• Co-application of castasterone and citric acid reduced cadmium-induced oxidative stress in B. juncea by enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes and antioxidant content.

• Application of castasterone and citric acid restored cell viability and endogenous nitric oxide content of cadmium-stressed seedlings.

• Binary treatment of castasterone and citric acid enhanced cadmium phytoextraction in the seedlings.

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Kaur, R., Yadav, P., Thukral, A.K. et al. Co-application of 6-ketone type brassinosteroid and metal chelator alleviates cadmium toxicity in B. juncea L.. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 685–700 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7864-x

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