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Geophysical, isotopic, and hydrogeochemical tools to identify potential impacts on coastal groundwater resources from Urmia hypersaline Lake, NW Iran

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An Erratum to this article was published on 06 August 2016

Abstract

Measurements of major ions, trace elements, water-stable isotopes, and geophysical soundings were made to examine the interaction between Urmia Aquifer (UA) and Urmia Lake (UL), northwest Iran. The poor correlation between sampling depth and Cl− concentrations indicated that the position of freshwater-saltwater interface is not uniformly distributed in the study area, and this was attributed to aquifer heterogeneities. The targeted coastal wells showed B/Cl and Br/Cl molar ratios in the range of 0.0022–2.43 and 0.00032–0.28, respectively. The base-exchange index (BEI) and saturation index (SI) calculations showed that the salinization process followed by cation-exchange reactions mainly controls changes in the chemical composition of groundwater. All groundwater samples are depleted with respect to δ18O (−11.71 to −9.4 ‰) and δD (−66.26 to −48.41 ‰). The δ18O and δD isotope ratios for surface and groundwater had a similar range and showed high deuterium excess (d-excess) (21.11 to 31.16 ‰). The high d-excess in water samples is because of incoming vapors from the UL mixed with an evaporated moisture flux from the Urmia mainland and incoming vapors from the west (i.e., Mediterranean Sea). Some saline samples with low B/Cl and Br/Cl ratios had depleted δ18O and δD. In this case, due to freshwater flushing, the drilled wells in the coastal playas and salty sediments could have more depleted isotopes, more Cl−, and consequently smaller B/Cl and Br/Cl ratios. Moreover, the results of hydrochemical facies evolution (HFE) diagram showed that because of the existence fine-grained sediments saturated with high density saltwater in the coastal areas that act as a natural barrier, increasing the groundwater exploitation leads to movement of freshwaters from recharge zones in the western mountains not saltwater from UL. The highly permeable sediments at the junction of the rivers to the lake are characterized by low hydraulic gradient and high hydraulic conductivity. These properties enhance the salinization of groundwater observed in the study area. The main factors influencing the salinity are base-exchange reactions, invasion of highly diluted saltwater, dissolution of salty pans, and water chemistry evolution along flow paths.

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Acknowledgments

This is a part of Ph.D. dissertation of the senior author (V. Amiri), and he would like to thank the Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) for the financial support. The authors would like to thank Dr. Matthew Currell and another anonymous reviewer for their insightful comments. The first author would like to thank Mr. Ebrahim Naderi for his efficient help for drawing freshwater-saltwater profiles.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

    Vahab Amiri & Mohammad Nakhaei

  2. Research Institute of Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran

    Razyeh Lak

  3. Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Kholghi

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  1. Vahab Amiri
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  2. Mohammad Nakhaei
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  3. Razyeh Lak
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  4. Majid Kholghi
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Correspondence to Vahab Amiri.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7380-z.

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Amiri, V., Nakhaei, M., Lak, R. et al. Geophysical, isotopic, and hydrogeochemical tools to identify potential impacts on coastal groundwater resources from Urmia hypersaline Lake, NW Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 16738–16760 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6859-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6859-y

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