Abstract
Photosystem I from the menB strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 containing foreign quinones in the A1 sites was used for studying the primary steps of electron transfer by pump-probe femtosecond laser spectroscopy. The free energy gap (− ΔG) of electron transfer between the reduced primary acceptor A0 and the quinones bound in the A1 site varied from 0.12 eV for the low-potential 1,2-diamino-anthraquinone to 0.88 eV for the high-potential 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, compared to 0.5 eV for the native phylloquinone. It was shown that the kinetics of charge separation between the special pair chlorophyll P700 and the primary acceptor A0 was not affected by quinone substitutions, whereas the rate of A0 → A1 electron transfer was sensitive to the redox-potential of quinones: the decrease of − ΔG by 400 meV compared to the native phylloquinone resulted in a ~ fivefold slowing of the reaction The presence of the asymmetric inverted region in the ΔG dependence of the reaction rate indicates that the electron transfer in photosystem I is controlled by nuclear tunneling and should be treated in terms of quantum electron–phonon interactions. A three-mode implementation of the multiphonon model, which includes modes around 240 cm−1 (large-scale protein vibrations), 930 cm−1 (out-of-plane bending of macrocycles and protein backbone vibrations), and 1600 cm−1 (double bonds vibrations) was applied to rationalize the observed dependence. The modes with a frequency of at least 1600 cm−1 make the predominant contribution to the reorganization energy, while the contribution of the “classical” low-frequency modes is only 4%.
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Data are available upon request by the corresponding authors.
Abbreviations
- PS:
-
Photosystem
- ΔG:
-
Free energy difference
- P700 :
-
Chlorophyll dimer—primary electron donor
- A0 :
-
Primary chlorophyll acceptor
- A1 :
-
Secondary quinone acceptor
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- RC:
-
Reaction center
- bRC:
-
Bacterial reaction center
- ET:
-
Electron transfer
- SHE:
-
The standard hydrogen electrode
- SCE:
-
The saturated calomel electrode
- PhQ:
-
Phylloquionone
- PQ:
-
Plastoquinone
- DCNQ:
-
2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
- NQ18:
-
2-Octadecyl-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone
- AQ:
-
Anthraquinone
- 1-AQ:
-
1-Aminoanthraquinone
- 2-AQ:
-
2-Aminoanthraquinone
- 1,2-AQ:
-
1,2-Diaminoanthraquinone
- 1,5-AQ:
-
1,5-Diaminoanthraquinone
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Acknowledgements
This article is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding biophysicist Vladimir Shuvalov, with whom most authors had the honor to work closely over the past 15 years of his life. This work was supported by Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of Development. Optical measurements were performed using core research facilities of FRCCP RAS (No. 1440743, 506694).
Funding
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant RSF 22-24-00705.
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A.S., W.J. and V.N. developed the concept and methodology of experiments. W.J. carried out the substitution of quinones, the isolation of PS I preparations, EPR, Cyclic Voltammetry and HPLC measurements. I.S., F.G. and M.M. performed femtosecond measurements and data collections. A.A. carried out analysis of the spectroscopy data. D.C. analyzed electrochemical data, developed the multiphonon model, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Cherepanov, D., Aybush, A., Johnson, T.W. et al. Inverted region in the reaction of the quinone reduction in the A1-site of photosystem I from cyanobacteria. Photosynth Res 159, 115–131 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01020-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01020-2