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Functions of EDS1-like and PAD4 genes in grapevine defenses against powdery mildew

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Abstract

The molecular interactions between grapevine and the obligate biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator are not understood in depth. One reason for this is the recalcitrance of grapevine to genetic modifications. Using defense-related Arabidopsis mutants that are susceptible to pathogens, we were able to analyze key components in grapevine defense responses. We have examined the functions of defense genes associated with the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, including ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), EDS1-LIKE 2 (EDL2), EDL5 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) of two grapevine species, Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, which is susceptible to E. necator, and V. aestivalis cv. Norton, which is resistant. Both VaEDS1 and VvEDS1 were previously found to functionally complement the Arabidopsis eds1-1 mutant. Here we show that the promoters of both VaEDS1 and VvEDS1 were induced by SA, indicating that the heightened defense of Norton is related to its high SA level. Other than Va/VvEDS1, only VaEDL2 complemented Arabidopsis eds1-1, whereas Va/VvPAD4 did not complement Arabidopsis pad4-1. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation results indicated that Vitis EDS1 and EDL2 proteins interact with Vitis PAD4 and AtPAD4, suggesting that Vitis EDS1/EDL2 forms a complex with PAD4 to confer resistance, as is known from Arabidopsis. However, Vitis EDL5 and PAD4 did not interact with Arabidopsis EDS1 or PAD4, correlating with their inability to function in Arabidopsis. Together, our study suggests a more complicated EDS1/PAD4 module in grapevine and provides insight into molecular mechanisms that determine disease resistance levels in Vitis species native to the North American continent.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Paul Schulze-Lefert and Volker Lipka for providing pen2-1 pad4-1 sag101-2 Arabidopsis seeds, the MU Molecular Cytology Core for assistance with light and confocal microscopy, and Alissa Higgins for technical support. This work was supported by grants from the United States Department of Agriculture-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2008-38901-19367, 2009-38901-19962, and 2010-38901-20939 to WG and WQ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, 371C Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA

    Fei Gao, Ru Dai, Sharon M. Pike & Walter Gassmann

  2. Center for Grapevine Biotechnology, W. H. Darr School of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Mountain Grove, MO, 65711, USA

    Ru Dai & Wenping Qiu

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  1. Fei Gao
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  2. Ru Dai
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  3. Sharon M. Pike
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  4. Wenping Qiu
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  5. Walter Gassmann
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Correspondence to Walter Gassmann.

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Gao, F., Dai, R., Pike, S.M. et al. Functions of EDS1-like and PAD4 genes in grapevine defenses against powdery mildew. Plant Mol Biol 86, 381–393 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-014-0235-4

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