Abstract
The general soliton solutions and higher-order soliton solutions for the nonlocal generalized Sasa–Satsuma (SS) equation of reverse-space-time type are explored. Firstly, a novel nonlocal generalized SS equation is derived, and the infinitely many conserved quantities and conservation laws are considered. Secondly, some novel symmetry properties and nonlocal constraints for eigenvalues, eigenvectors and scattering data are obtained, which is quite different from the local ones. Then, in the framework of the Riemann–Hilbert problem and by the special nonlocal properties, the N-soliton formula with determinant and the higher-order soliton formulas are constructed for the nonlocal generalized SS equation by a limit technique. Thirdly, some new patterns and unusual dynamical behaviors of the N-soliton and the higher-order soliton solutions for the nonlocal generalized SS equation are exhibited and explored. The general single soliton is always collapsing periodically whether the eigenvalues are pure imaginary or not, but when the absolute value of the eigenvalue approaches to zero, the solution tends to be a standing solution, which does not move with time. Besides, some novel interesting physical patterns for the two-soliton solution are obtained, such as a singular wave in the periodical background and two-soliton solution with two singular branches. It is worth mentioning that the two-soliton solution does not degenerate into a bounded breathing soliton instead of a breathing singular wave when \(\lambda _{\scriptscriptstyle 2}=-\lambda _{\scriptscriptstyle 1}^*\). And the higher-order soliton with one double zero is singular and collapsing periodically while the soliton with triple zero is nonsingular when the eigenvalue is purely imaginary. query Please check the edit made in the article title.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Bender, C.M., Boettcher, S.: Real spectra in non-Hermitian Hamiltonians having PT symmetry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(24), 5243–5246 (1998)
Makris, K.G., El-Ganainy, R., Christodoulides, D.N., Musslimani, Z.H.: Beam dynamics in PT symmetric optical lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 030402 (2008)
Konotop, V.V., Yang, J.K., Zezyulin, D.A.: Nonlinear waves in PT-symmetric systems. Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 035002 (2016)
Musslimani, Z.H., Makris, K.G., El-Ganainy, R., Christodoulides, D.N.: Optical solitons in PT periodic potentials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(3), 1–4 (2008)
Cham, J.: Top 10 physics discoveries of the last 10 years. Nat. Phys. 11(10), 799 (2015)
Rüter, C.E., Makris, K.G., El-Ganainy, R., Christodoulides, D.N., Segev, M., Kip, D.: Observation of parity-time symmetry in optics. Nat. Phys. 6(3), 192–195 (2010)
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Yang, L., Miri, M.A., Christodoulides, D.N., He, B., Zhang, Y., Xiao, M.: Observation of parity-time symmetry in optically induced atomic lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117(12), 1–5 (2016)
Hodaei, H., Hassan, A.U., Wittek, S., Garcia-Gracia, H., El-Ganainy, R., Christodoulides, D.N., Khajavikhan, M.: Enhanced sensitivity at higher-order exceptional points. Nature 548(7666), 187–191 (2017)
Wong, Z.J., Xu, Y.L., Kim, J., O’Brien, K., Wang, Y., Feng, L., Zhang, X.: Lasing and anti-lasing in a single cavity. Nat. Photonics 10(12), 796–801 (2016)
Feng, L., Wong, Z.J., Ma, R.M., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.: Single-mode laser by parity-time symmetry breaking. Science 346(6212), 972–975 (2014)
Dai, C.Q., Fan, Y., Wang, Y.Y.: Three-dimensional optical solitons formed by the balance between different-order nonlinearities and high-order dispersion/diffraction in parity-time symmetric potentials. Nonlinear Dyn. 98, 489–499 (2019)
Dai, C.Q., Wang, Y.Y., Fan, Y., Yu, D.G.: Reconstruction of stability for Gaussian spatial solitons in quintic-septimal nonlinear materials under PT -symmetric potentials. Nonlinear Dyn. 92, 1351–1358 (2018)
Ablowitz, M.J., Musslimani, Z.H.: Integrable nonlocal nonlinear schrödinger equation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(6), 1–5 (2013)
Ablowitz, M.J., Musslimani, Z.H.: Integrable nonlocal nonlinear equations. Stud. Appl. Math. 139(1), 7–59 (2017)
Ablowitz, M.J., Musslimani, Z.H.: Inverse scattering transform for the integrable nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Nonlinearity 29(3), 915–946 (2016)
Ji, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Z.: Reverse space and time nonlocal coupled dispersionless equation and its solutions. Anna. Math. Sci. Appl. 2(2), 409–429 (2017)
Wen, Z.C., Yan, Z.Y.: Solitons and their stability in the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation with PT-symmetric potentials. Chaos 27, 053105 (2017)
Wu, J.: Riemann-Hilbert approach and nonlinear dynamics in the nonlocal defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 135(6), 1–13 (2020)
Zhou, H.J., Chen, Y.: Breathers and rogue waves on the double-periodic background for the reverse-space-time derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Nonlinear Dyn. 106, 3437–3451 (2021)
Wen, X.Y., Wang, H.T.: Breathing-soliton and singular rogue wave solutions for a discrete nonlocal coupled Ablowitz-Ladik equation of reverse-space type. Appl. Math. Lett. 111, 106683 (2021)
Zhang, W.X., Liu, Y.Q.: Integrability and multisoliton solutions of the reverse space and/or time nonlocal Fokas-Lenells equation. Nonlinear Dyn. 108(3), 2531–2549 (2022)
Wu, J.P.: A novel reduction approach to obtain N -soliton solutions of a nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation of reverse-time type. Nonlinear Dyn. 106, 775–781 (2021)
Ma, W.X.: Inverse scattering and soliton solutions of nonlocal complex reverse-space-time mKdV equations. J. Geom. Phys. 157, 103845 (2020)
Ling, L., Ma, W.X.: Inverse scattering and soliton solutions of nonlocal complex reverse-spacetime modified Korteweg-de Vries hierarchies. Symmetry 13(3), 1–17 (2021)
Wu, J.P.: Riemann-Hilbert approach and soliton classification for a nonlocal integrable nonlinear Schrödinger equation of reverse-time type. Nonlinear Dyn. 107, 1127–1139 (2022)
Yang, J.: Physically significant nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its soliton solutions. Phys. Rev. E 98(4), 042202 (2018)
Wang, J., Su, T., Geng, X.G., Li, R.M.: Riemann-Hilbert approach and N-soliton solutions for a new two-component Sasa-Satsuma equation. Nonlinear Dyn. 101(1), 597–609 (2020)
Feng, B.F., Luo, X.D., Ablowitz, M.J., Musslimani, Z.H.: General soliton solution to a nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation with zero and nonzero boundary conditions. Nonlinearity 31(12), 5385–5409 (2018)
Chen, J., Yan, Q., Zhang, H.: Multiple bright soliton solutions of a reverse-space nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Appl. Math. Lett. 106, 106375 (2020)
Novikov, S., Manakov, S.V., Pitaevskii, L.P., Zakharov, V.E.: Theory of Solitons: the Inverse Scattering Method. Springer, New York (1984)
Xu, J., Fan, E., Chen, Y.: Long-time asymptotic for the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation with step-like initial value. Math. Phys. Anal. Geom. 16, 253288 (2013)
Guo, N., Xu, J., Wen, L., Fan, E.: Rogue wave and multi-pole solutions for the focusing Kundu-Eckhaus equation with nonzero background via Riemann-Hilbert problem method. Nonlinear Dyn. 103(2), 1851–1868 (2021)
Zhao, P., Fan, E.: Finite gap integration of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation: a Riemann-Hilbert method. Phys. D 402, 132213 (2020)
Yang, J.K.: Nonlinear Waves in Integrable and Nonintegrable Systems. Society for Industrial and Application Mathematics, (2010)
Yang, J.: General N-solitons and their dynamics in several nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations Phys. Lett. A 383(4), 328–337 (2019)
Wang, M.M., Chen, Y.: Dynamic behaviors of general N-solitons for the nonlocal generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Nonlinear Dyn. 104(3), 2621–2638 (2021)
Shchesnovich, V.S., Yang, J.: General soliton matrices in the Riemann - Hilbert problem for integrable nonlinear equations. J. Math. Phys. 44(10), 4604–4639 (2003)
Shchesnovich, V.S., Yang, J.: Higher-order solitons in the N-wave system. Stud. Appl. Math. 110, 297–332 (2003)
Ling, L.M.: The algebraic representation for high order solution of Sasa-Satsuma equation. Discrete Cont. Dyn.-S 9(6), 1975–2010 (2016)
Bian, D., Guo, B., Ling, L.: High-order soliton solution of Landau-Lifshitz equation. Stud. Appl. Math. 134(2), 181–214 (2015)
Bilman, D., Buckingham, R.: Large-order asymptotics for multiple-pole solitons of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. J. Nonlinear Sci. 29(5), 2185–2229 (2019)
Zhang, Y., Tao, X., Yao, T., He, J.: The regularity of the multiple higher-order poles solitons of the NLS equation. Stud. Appl. Math. 145(4), 812–827 (2020)
Yang, B., Chen, Y.: Dynamics of high-order solitons in the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Nonlinear Dyn. 94(1), 489–502 (2018)
Yang, B., Chen, Y.: High-order soliton matrices for Sasa-Satsuma equation via local Riemann-Hilbert problem. Nonlinear Anal. Real 45, 918–941 (2019)
Geng, X.G., Wu, J.P.: Riemann-Hilbert approach and N-soliton solutions for a generalized Sasa-Satsuma equation. Wave Motion 60, 62–72 (2016)
Wadati, M., Sanuki, H., Konno, K.: Relationships among inverse method, Backlund transformation and an infinite number of conservation laws. Prog. Theor. Phys. 53(2), 419–436 (1975)
Ablowitz, M.J., Musslimani, Z.H.: Integrable space-time shifted nonlocal nonlinear equations. Phys. Lett. A 409, 127516 (2021)
Funding
The work is supported by the Future Scientist and Outstanding Scholar Cultivation Program of East China Normal University (No.WLKXJ202001), National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175069) and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 21JC1402500 and No. 18dz2271000).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and theory. Calculation and analysis were performed by Wang Minmin. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Wang Minmin, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The work was supported by the Future Scientist and Outstanding Scholar Cultivation Program of East China Normal University (No. WLKXJ202001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12175069) and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 21JC1402500 and No. 18dz2271000).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, M., Chen, Y. Novel solitons and higher-order solitons for the nonlocal generalized Sasa–Satsuma equation of reverse-space-time type. Nonlinear Dyn 110, 753–769 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07663-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07663-5