Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that misfolding, clumping, and accumulation of proteins in the brain may be common causes and pathogenic mechanism for several neurological illnesses. This causes neuronal structural deterioration and disruption of neural circuits. Research from various fields supports this idea, indicating that developing a single treatment for several severe conditions might be possible. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants play an essential part in maintaining the brain's chemical equilibrium by affecting the proximity of neurons. Matrine is a tetracyclo-quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the plant Sophora flavescens Aiton. Matrine has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and various other neurological disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated that matrine protects neurons by altering multiple signalling pathways and crossing the blood–brain barrier. As a result, matrine may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of a variety of neurocomplications. This work aims to serve as a foundation for future clinical research by reviewing the current state of matrine as a neuroprotective agent and its potential therapeutic application in treating neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Future research will answer many concerns and lead to fascinating discoveries that could impact other aspects of matrine.
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Data availability statement
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Abbreviations
- AChE:
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- AD:
-
Alzheimer Disease
- Akt:
-
Ak strain transforming
- ALT:
-
Alanine transaminase
- AMPAR:
-
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
- APP:
-
Amyloid-beta precursor protein
- AST:
-
Aspartate transaminase receptor
- Asp:
-
Aspartate
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- Aβ:
-
Amyloid beta
- Aβ1-42:
-
Amyloid beta -42
- BACE 1:
-
Beta-secretase 1
- Bax:
-
BCL-2 associated x protein
- BBB:
-
Blood brain barrier
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BuChE:
-
Butyrylcholinesterase
- C1q:
-
Complement component 1q
- C57BL:
-
C57 black
- Caspase:
-
Cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- Cl − :
-
Chlorine
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CSPG:
-
Chondroitin 6-sulfate proteoglycan
- Cyt C:
-
Cytochrome complex
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EAE:
-
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- EBI:
-
Early brain injury
- EON:
-
Elevated Optic Neuritis
- Foxp3:
-
Fork head box p3
- FST:
-
Forced Swim Test
- GABA:
-
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GABA A:
-
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A
- GAD 65:
-
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GBD:
-
Global Burden of Disease
- GFAP:
-
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GLAST:
-
Glutamate-aspartate transporter
- GLT-1:
-
Glutamate transporter
- Glu:
-
Glutamate
- GLUT:
-
Glutamate transporters
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSH-px:
-
Glutathione peroxidise
- GST:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase
- HMGB 1:
-
High mobility group box 1 protein
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- HPAaxis:
-
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
- HSPB5:
-
Alpha-crystallin B chain
- i.p.:
-
Intraperitoneal
- i.v.:
-
Intravenous
- Iba1 + :
-
Ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1
- ICR Mice:
-
Institute of Cancer Research
- IFN- γ:
-
Interferon –y
- IFN-β:
-
Interferon – β
- IL-10:
-
Interlukin 1
- IL-17:
-
Interleukin 17
- IL-17A:
-
Interleukin 17
- IL-1α:
-
Interleukin α
- IL-1β:
-
Interlukin β
- IL-23:
-
Interlukin 23
- IL-33:
-
Interlukin 33
- IL-35:
-
Interlukin 35
- IL-4:
-
Interlukin 4
- IL-5:
-
Interlukin 5
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin 6
- IRAK:
-
Interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase
- IκBα:
-
Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha
- JAK/ STAT:
-
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)
- JAK2:
-
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer 2
- JAM-A:
-
Junctional adhesion molecule A
- JNK:
-
C-Jun N-terminal kinases
- Keap1:
-
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- MAO:
-
Monoamine oxidase
- MBP:
-
Myelin Basic Protein
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- MMP-2:
-
Matrix metallo proteinase 2
- MMP-9:
-
Matrixmetallo proteinase 9
- MPO:
-
Myeloperoxidase
- MPTP:
-
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- mRNA:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acid
- MS:
-
Multiple Sclerosis
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
- MyD88:
-
Myloid differentiation primary response 88
- Na + :
-
Sodium
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- ND:
-
Neurodegenerative disorders
- NF- κB:
-
Nuclear factor-κB
- NFT:
-
Neurofibrillary tangles
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-D-aspartate
- NMDAR:
-
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
- NO:
-
Nitric Oxide
- NP:
-
Neuropathic pain
- NQO1:
-
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- OLG:
-
Oligodendrocytes
- ON:
-
Optic Neuritis
- OPC:
-
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
- p-4E-BP-1:
-
Phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1
- P75NTR:
-
Receptor–pro-neurotrophin complex
- p-Akt:
-
Phosphorylated Akt
- PD:
-
Parkinson disease
- PGC -1α:
-
1α- PPARG Coactivator 1
- PI3K:
-
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1
- p-JAK2:
-
Phosphojnuskinase-2
- PLP:
-
Proteolipidprotein
- p-Mtor:
-
Phosphorylatedmammalian target of rapamycin
- ProNGF:
-
Precursor of mature nerve growth factor
- PS1:
-
Presenilin 1
- p-STAT3:
-
Phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- RAGE:
-
Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts
- RBC:
-
Red blood cell
- REM:
-
Rapid eye moment
- RGC:
-
Retinal ganglion cells
- RORγt:
-
Retinoid-related orphan receptor
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- S1P:
-
Sphingosine 1-phosphate
- S1P1:
-
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1
- SAH:
-
SubarachnoidHemmorhage
- SCI:
-
Spinal cord injury
- SD:
-
Sprague Dawley
- SIRT-1:
-
Sirtuin 1
- SNAP:
-
Sensory Nerve Action Potential
- SNCV:
-
Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocity
- SOD:
-
Superoxidedismutases
- SPH:
-
Sphingosine
- SPHK:
-
Sphingosine phosphate kinases
- SPHK1:
-
Sphingosine phosphate kinases 1
- SPHK2:
-
Sphingosine phosphate kinases2
- ST-2:
-
Growth stimulation expressed gene
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- T-AOC:
-
Total Antioxidant capacity
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- TGF-β1:
-
Transforming growth factor beta 1
- Th 2:
-
Type 2 helper
- Th1:
-
Type 1 T helper
- Th-17:
-
T-helper 17
- TIMP-1:
-
Tissue inhibitor of metallo proteinases 1
- TIMP-2:
-
Tissue inhibitor of metallo proteinases 2
- TLR -4:
-
Toll like receptor 4
- TLR-2:
-
Toll like receptor 2
- TNF-α:
-
Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha
- TRAF6:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6
- TrkA:
-
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- TST:
-
Time Spent in target quadrant
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZO-1:
-
Zonula occludens-1
- TST:
-
Time Spent in targetquadrant
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZO-1:
-
Zonula occludens-1
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The authors express their gratitude to Chairman Mr. Parveen Garg, and Director Dr. G. D. Gupta, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Punjab), India, for their excellent vision and support.
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Writing – the original draft of the review – Swesha Chhabra (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-4995); Conceptualization, Supervision—Sidharth Mehan. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of work, ensuring integrity and accuracy.
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Highlights
• Progression of neurological illness associated with misfolding, aggregation, and subsequent amplification of pathological proteins.
• Matrine protects against neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders by penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
• Matrine lowers oxidative stress, NF-κB, and BDNF expression.
• Matrine reduces inflammatory cytokines and modulates antioxidant enzyme levels.
• Preclinical studies on Matrine reveal its potential utility in neurological treatments.
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Chhabra, S., Mehan, S. Matrine exerts its neuroprotective effects by modulating multiple neuronal pathways. Metab Brain Dis 38, 1471–1499 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-023-01214-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-023-01214-6