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Dry-washes determine gene flow and genetic diversity in a common desert shrub

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Abstract

Context

In deserts, many plant species exhibit a patchy spatial distribution within a harsh habitat matrix, where the likelihood of propagule dispersal among patches is uncertain, but may be promoted by landscape corridors or dispersal vectors.

Objectives

We examine the connectivity of a representative desert plant species (Acacia (Senegalia) greggii), and the ability of three major factors (animal dispersal agents, water flow along dry-washes, and climate) to facilitate dispersal within four watersheds in the Mojave National Preserve.

Methods

We genotyped 323 individuals sampled across 22 one-hectare sites using ten nuclear microsatellite markers.

Results

A hierarchical AMOVA revealed no significant differentiation among watersheds (F RT = 0.00, P > 0.10), and very little genetic structure among all sites (F ST = 0.03, P < 0.001), indicating regional connectivity. Mantel tests indicated distance along dry-washes best explained genetic distance between sites (r = 0.47, P < 0.05) when compared to Euclidean distance (P > 0.05), a distance measure based on rodent dispersal (P > 0.05), and a distance measure avoiding inhospitable climate (P > 0.05). An AIC comparison of generalized linear models found that within site genetic diversity (H E and allelic richness) and average relatedness were best explained by slope (which increases seed dispersal potential via water flow) and area of the upstream watershed (which determines the number of potential seed donors), rather than plant density or habitat suitability.

Conclusions

Together, these findings indicate that dry-washes are key landscape features that enhance dispersal and regional connectivity in this patchy desert plant.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank R. Coria, K. Dolphin, A. Salinas, T. Percival, and C. Huynh for tireless assistance in field and lab. Comments from S. Steele, P. Smouse, S. Hubbell, P. Rundel, T. Gillespie, G. Okin, T. La Doux, and J. Andre were especially helpful in improving the design and writing of this manuscript. We thank J. Pollinger and B. Faircloth for guidance during molecular marker development. This work was supported by a California Desert Research Grant from the Community Foundation, a Mildred E. Mathias Graduate Student Research Grant from the University of California Natural Reserve System, and a Vavra Research Grant from UCLA. KG was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program. PT was supported by the EPA STAR Fellowship. This work was performed at the University of California Natural Reserve System Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center and the Mojave National Preserve.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Keith D. Gaddis, Pamela G. Thompson & Victoria L. Sork

  2. Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Victoria L. Sork

  3. Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, 3147 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3147, USA

    Keith D. Gaddis

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Gaddis, K.D., Thompson, P.G. & Sork, V.L. Dry-washes determine gene flow and genetic diversity in a common desert shrub. Landscape Ecol 31, 2215–2229 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0393-7

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