Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Urea Formaldehyde and Cellulose Nanocrystals Adhesive: Studies Applied to Sugarcane Bagasse Particleboards

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the behavior of urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive based particleboards using sugarcane bagasse (SCB), with and without the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (NCC). In the first step of this research study, the interaction between UF and the NCC was evaluated. The NCC were dispersed in the UF, in different proportions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5%). Subsequent to this, the mixtures were dried, milled, and put in molds, to produce flexural specimens. The second step involved evaluation of the interaction between the NCC, UF, and SCB. After sonication, the NCC and UF were applied on the SCB particles to produce particleboards. They were evaluated according to the modulus of elasticity and rupture, water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling. The viscosity of the mixture of NCC and UF increased according to the NCC increase load. At 5% of NCC load, the viscosity increased greatly, which prevented adhesive dispersion in the particleboard. The thermogravimetric analysis of UF showed that better conditions of processing were at 160 °C for 8 min, so these parameters were used to produce the specimens. SCB is a promising raw material for particleboard, and its potential to produce SCB particleboards with relatively good performance was demonstrated. For the particleboards specimens, the best performance was observed with 1% of NCC. Particleboards did not show improvement compared with UF specimens, probably because bond links were not sufficient. Addition of NCC in UF increased the liquid suspension viscosity, and the specimens showed a better mechanical performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Iwakiri S (2005) Painéis de madeira reconstituída. FUPEF, Curitiba

  2. Kelly MW (1977) Critical literature review of relationships between processing parameters and physical properties of particleboard. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  3. Maloney T (1996) The family of wood composite materials. Forest Prod J 46(2):19–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. de Barros Filho RM, Mendes LM, Novack KM, Aprelini LO, Botaro VR (2011) Hybrid chipboard panels based on sugarcane bagasse, urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resin. Ind Crop Prod 33(2):369–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carvajal O, Valdés J, Puig J (1996) Bagasse particleboards for building purpose. Holz Roh Werkst 54(1):61–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. da Silva César AA, Bufalino L, de Macedo LB, de Almeida Mesquita RG, de Paula T, Protásio LM, Mendes (2014) Use of coffee plant stem in the production of conventional particleboards. Key Eng Mat 600:703–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kwon JH, Ayrilmis N, Han TH (2013) Enhancement of flexural properties and dimensional stability of rice husk particleboard using wood strands in face layers. Compos Part B 44(1):728–732

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Widyorini R, Xu J, Umemura K, Kawai S (2005) Manufacture and properties of binderless particleboard from bagasse I: effects of raw material type, storage methods, and manufacturing process. J Wood Sci 51(6):648–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Khedari J, Nankongnab N, Hirunlabh J, Teekasap S (2004) New low-cost insulation particleboards from mixture of durian peel and coconut coir. Build Environ 39(1):59–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. dos Santos MFN, Rosane Ap B, Bezerra GBS, Varum HS (2014) Comparative study of the life cycle assessment of particleboards made of residues from sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum spp.) and pine wood shavings (Pinus elliottii). J Clean Prod 64:345–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tabarsa T, Ashori A, Gholamzadeh M (2011) Evaluation of surface roughness and mechanical properties of particleboard panels made from bagasse. Compos Part B 42(5):1330–1335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yang H-S, Kim D-J, Kim H-J (2003) Rice straw–wood particle composite for sound absorbing wooden construction materials. Bioresour Technol 86(2):117–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Doost-hoseini K, Taghiyari HR, Elyasi A (2014) Correlation between sound absorption coefficients with physical and mechanical properties of insulation boards made from sugar cane bagasse. Compos Part B 58:10–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mendes RF, Mendes LM, Júnior JBG, .d. Santos RC, Bufalino L (2009) The adhesive effect on the properties of particleboards made from sugar cane bagasse generated in the distiller. Rev de Ciênc Agrárias 32(2):209–218

    Google Scholar 

  15. Battistelle RAG, Marcilio C, Lahr FAR (2009) Emprego do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) e das folhas caulinares do bambu da espécie dendrocalamus giganteus na produção de chapas de partículas. Rev Minerva 3:297–305

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fiorelli J, Lahar FAR, do Nascimento MF, Junior HS, Rossignolo JA (2011) Painéis de partículas à base de bagaço de cana e resina de mamona–produção e propriedades. Acta Sci Technol 33(4):401–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. DEA 23/13. Boletim de conjuntura energética. Bagaço de cana. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério de Minas e Energia, 2013. 72 p. Nota técnica

  18. Li X, Cai Z, Winandy JE, Basta AH (2011) Effect of oxalic acid and steam pretreatment on the primary properties of UF-bonded rice straw particleboards. Ind Crop Prod 33(3):665–669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A, Tabrizi AK (2014) Thermoplastic hybrid composites using bagasse, corn stalk and E-glass fibers: fabrication and characterization. Polym Plastics Technol Eng 53(1):1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Guimarães Júnior M, Novack KM, Botaro VR, Protásio TdP (2012) Caracterização de polpas de bambu modificadas quimicamente visando melhorias em suas interações interfaciais para aplicações em compósitos. Rev Iberoam polímeros 13:89–102

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jonoobi M, Grami M, Ashori A, Ebrahimi G (2016) Effect of ozone pretreatment on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard panels made from bagasse. Measurement 94:451–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Mesquita RGdA, César AAdS, Mendes RF, Mendes LM, Marconcini JM, Glenn G, Tonoli GHD (2016) Polyester composites reinforced with corona-treated fibers from pine, eucalyptus and sugarcane bagasse. J Polym Environ 25: 1–12

  23. Atta-Obeng E, Via BK, Fasina O (2012) Effect of microcrystalline cellulose, species, and particle size on mechanical and physical properties of particleboards. Wood Fiber Sci 44:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  24. Veigel S, Rathke J, Weigl M, Gindl-Altmutter W (2012) Particle board and oriented strand board prepared with nanocellulose-reinforced adhesive. J Nanomater 2012:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang H, Zhang J, Song S, Wu G, Pu J (2011) Modified nanocrystalline cellulose from two kinds of modifiers used for improving formaldehyde emission and bonding strength of urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive. BioResources 6(4):4430–4438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zorba T, Papadopoulou E, Hatjiissaak A, Paraskevopoulos KM, Chrissafis K (2008) Urea-formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. J Therm Anal Calorimet 92(1):29–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mahrdt E, Pinkl S, Schmidberger C, van Herwijnen HW, Veigel S, Gindl-Altmutter W (2016) Effect of addition of microfibrillated cellulose to urea-formaldehyde on selected adhesive characteristics and distribution in particle board. Cellulose 23:571–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. ASTM (2002) Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM D790-00, West Conshohocken

  29. ASTM (2006) Standard methods of evaluating properties of wood-base fiber and particles materials, ASTM D-1037-06a, Philladelphia

  30. EN-317 (1993) Particleboards and fibreboards—determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water, EN 317

  31. Dunky M (1998) Urea–formaldehyde (UF) adhesive resins for wood. Int J Adhes Adhes 18(2):95–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Frihart CR (2005) Wood adhesion and adhesives. In: Rowell RM (ed) Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 215–278

    Google Scholar 

  33. Siimer K, Kaljuvee T, Christjanson P (2003) Thermal behaviour of urea-formaldehyde resins during curing. J Therm Anal Calorim 72(2):607–617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mlađan P, Jaroslava BS, Mirjana J, Joszef M, Milanka ĐM, Jelena P, Ivan R (2011) Curing kinetics of two commercial urea-formaldehyde adhesives studied by isoconversional method. Hemijska industrija 65(6):717–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Pratt TJ, Johns WE, Rammon RM, Plagemann WL (1985) A novel concept on the structure of cured urea-formaldehyde resin. J Adhes 17(4):275–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Dunker AK, John WE, Rammon R, Farmer B, Johns SJ (1986) Slightly bizarre protein chemistry: urea-formaldehyde resin from a biochemical perspective. J Adhes 19(2):153–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Lee DH, Zheng C (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86(12):1781–1788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Zheng C, Lee DH, Liang DT (2006) In-depth investigation of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Energy Fuels 20(1):388–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Poletto M, Zattera AJ, Forte MM, Santana RM (2012) Thermal decomposition of wood: influence of wood components and cellulose crystallite size. Bioresour Technol 109:148–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dunky M (2004) Adhesives based on formaldehyde condensation resins, Macromolecular Symposia. Wiley Online Library, pp 417–430

  41. Veigel S, Müller U, Keckes J, Obersriebnig M, Gindl-Altmutter W (2011) Cellulose nanofibrils as filler for adhesives: effect on specific fracture energy of solid wood-adhesive bonds. Cellulose 18(5):1227–1237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Commercial Standard, CS 236–66: mat formed wood particleboard (1968)

  43. Carvalho AG, Mendes RF, Oliveira SL, Mendes LM (2015) Effect of post-production heat treatment on particleboard from sugarcane bagasse. Mat Res 18(1):78–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the support of Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), RELIGAR, Embrapa Instrumentação, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), and University of Copenhagen.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry Sciences, Rural Federal University of the Amazonia (UFRA), Câmpus Universitário, Tv. Pau Amarelo, Capitão Poço, Pará, CEP 68650-000, Brazil

    Ricardo Gabriel de Almeida Mesquita

  2. Department of Forestry Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Câmpus Universitário, caixa postal 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil

    Lourival Marin Mendes

  3. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science, Rolighedvej, 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Anand Ramesh Sanadi

  4. Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Câmpus Universitário, caixa postal 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Alfredo Rodrigues de Sena Neto

  5. Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil

    Pedro Ivo Cunha Claro

  6. LNNA, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA Instrumentação), Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, caixa postal 741, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, Brazil

    Ana Carolina Corrêa & José Manoel Marconcini

Authors
  1. Ricardo Gabriel de Almeida Mesquita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lourival Marin Mendes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anand Ramesh Sanadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alfredo Rodrigues de Sena Neto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pedro Ivo Cunha Claro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ana Carolina Corrêa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. José Manoel Marconcini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ricardo Gabriel de Almeida Mesquita.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mesquita, R.G.A., Mendes, L.M., Sanadi, A.R. et al. Urea Formaldehyde and Cellulose Nanocrystals Adhesive: Studies Applied to Sugarcane Bagasse Particleboards. J Polym Environ 26, 3040–3050 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1189-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1189-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation