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Green synthesis of MnCr2O4 nanoparticles using Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) for photocatalytic crystal violet dye degradation

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Abstract

Various environmental concerns have emerged today as a result of the developing industrial revolution. The use of hazardous oxidizing agents and organic dyes is one of the biggest problems facing the textile industry today. This approach needs effective and affordable system to degrade such organic pollutants from the point sources. In this work, MnCr2O4 nanoparticle is synthesized using a green method for a crystal violet dye removal from wastewater. Three nanoparticle samples (CMO-A, CMO-B and CMO-C) were synthesized via green synthesis using bitter leaf extract and different concentration (0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M) of KMnO4. The structural, morphological, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of the synthesized MnCr2O4 spinel were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the crystal structure and the MnCr2O4 spinel exhibits cubic symmetry (Fd3m). The lattice parameters, crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density of the produced nanoparticles were also assessed using the diffraction data. The bandgap energy of the MnCr2O4 spinel decreased from 1.96 to 1.81 eV as the concentration of Mn ion increases from 0.3 to 0.5 M. The MnCr2O4 spinel showed good absorbance of light in visible range and also showed excellent photodegradation of crystal violet dye solution, with a record of 62.6%, 68.4%, and 74.9% degradation efficiency for CMO-A, CMO-B, and CMO-C, respectively, after 130 min of irradiation time.

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The data that support the findings of this research work are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

FIE acknowledges the grant by TETFUND under contract number.

TETFUND/DR&D/CE/UNI/NSUKKA/RP/VOL.I and also acknowledges the support received from the Africa Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Power and Energy Development (ACE-SPED), University of Nigeria, Nsukka. We thank Engr. Emeka Okwuosa for the generous sponsorship of April 2014, July 2016, July 2018, and July 2021 conferences/workshops on applications of nanotechnology to energy, health &. Environment and for providing some research facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Cyril O. Ugwuoke, Hope E. Nsude, Ernest I. Ugwu, A. Agbogu, Sabastine Ezugwu & Fabian I. Ezema

  2. Science and Engineering Unit, Nigerian Young Researchers Academy, Onitsha, Anambra State, 430231, Nigeria

    Cyril O. Ugwuoke

  3. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Abdudin G. Temam

  4. Department of Chemistry, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

    Abdudin G. Temam

  5. Science Education Department, College of Education, Agbor, Nigeria

    Rufus O. Ijeh

  6. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Applied Sciences, Rivers State Polytechnic Bori, Bori, Nigeria

    Sylvester Mammah

  7. Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada

    Sabastine Ezugwu

  8. Western Cape Province, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET) iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West 7129, Somerset West, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Fabian I. Ezema

  9. College of Graduate Studies, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, University of South Africa (UNISA), P.O. Box 392, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa

    Fabian I. Ezema

  10. Africa Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Power and Energy Development (ACE-SPED), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Fabian I. Ezema

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COU carried out the experimental work and drafted the manuscript. AGT revised the manuscript. ROI and HEN analyze experimental result. EIU, SM and AA read the approved submitted manuscript. SE, FIE supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fabian I. Ezema.

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Ugwuoke, C.O., Temam, A.G., Ijeh, R.O. et al. Green synthesis of MnCr2O4 nanoparticles using Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) for photocatalytic crystal violet dye degradation. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 2111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-11499-z

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