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Analysis of genetic diversity in rosemary (Salvia rosemarinus Schleid.) using SSR molecular marker for its management and sustainable use in Ethiopian genebank

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Abstract

Rosemary (Salvia rosemarinus Schleid.) is cultivated worldwide due to its diverse uses as spice, preservative and medicine against many illnesses. Even though rosemary is widely grown in Ethiopia, the genetic diversity of available germplasms was not assessed. Therefore, this experiment was designed to analyze the genetic diversity of Ethiopian rosemary for further breeding activities. Genetic diversity of 45 rosemary accessions collected from different parts of Ethiopia was analyzed using 12 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 189 alleles were detected, and the number of alleles per marker (Na) ranged from 7 to 27 with an average of 15.75. About 56.6% of the alleles were rare (frequency < 0.05), whereas 23.8% and 19.6% were intermediate (frequency 0.05–0.5) and abundant (frequency > 0.5), respectively. Polymorphic information content per marker ranged from 0.74 to 0.94, with an average value of 0.87. The result depicted over all polymorphism of 92.6%, indicating the existence of high genetic variability among the accessions. The average values of expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosities were 0.65 and 0.35, respectively. The average HO was lower than HE, showed heterozygote deficiency due to restricted cross-fertilization. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that within populations variations contributed more to the genetic diversity than between population variations. Unweighted Neighbor Joining based phylogenetic analysis, Principal Coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis showed admixture of the populations, confirming that the sample groupings did not strictly follow the geographic origin of the accessions. Therefore, improvement program of the crop should focus on actual diversity, not on area of growing.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Ethiopian Institute of agricultural Research (National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center and Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center) and Agricultural Growth Program II for providing all the necessary facilities and financial supports for the experiment.

Funding

This experiment was funded by Ethiopian Institute of agricultural Research and Agricultural Growth Program II.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Shashemene, Ethiopia

    Zewdinesh Damtew Zigene

  2. Hawassa University College of Agriculture, P.O Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia

    Bizuayehu Tesfaye Asfaw

  3. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

    Tesfaye Disasa Bitima

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  1. Zewdinesh Damtew Zigene
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  2. Bizuayehu Tesfaye Asfaw
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Conceived, designed, performed the experiments, analyzed the data and writing the original draft, Zewdinesh Damtew Zigene; Conceptualization, review and editing the paper, Bizuayehu Tesfaye Asfaw; contributed laboratory facilities and consumables, Tesfaye Disasa Bitima. All authors commented on the manuscript; and all read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zewdinesh Damtew Zigene.

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Zigene, Z.D., Asfaw, B.T. & Bitima, T.D. Analysis of genetic diversity in rosemary (Salvia rosemarinus Schleid.) using SSR molecular marker for its management and sustainable use in Ethiopian genebank. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68, 279–293 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00984-7

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