Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical and molecular diversity of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus L.) clones

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent years, rosemary received more attention in India for its essential oil, fresh herb, and dry herb. Hence, it is very much essential to assess the genetic diversity for the development of new high-yielding cultivars and also for germplasm characterization, conservation, and utilization in a breeding program. In the present study, 24 clones were used to assess the chemical and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) based genetic diversity. The analysis of variance based on chemical constituents showed significant differences among the clones for chemical components, and 24 progenies were grouped into four chemotypes groups viz.,1,8-cineole type (18.59–35.19%), verbenone type (2.71–15.70%), camphor type (3.12–29.86%), and α-pinene type (4.33–27.71%). Thirteen ISSR primers produced 6.51 average polymorphic bands with 58.26% percent polymorphism. The cluster analysis, using the unweighted pair group method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree method, classified the 24 rosemary progenies into three major clusters at a coefficient of 0.24. Even though the chemotype and molecular grouping were different, the study’s results emphasize that evaluating both chemical and genetic diversity is crucial for successful rosemary cultivation and breeding efforts. The findings contribute valuable insights for further research and development in the field of rosemary cultivation and utilization in India.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

References

  • Abdelmajeed NA, Danial EN, Ayad HS (2013) The effect of environmental stress on qualitative and quantitative essential oil of aromatic and medicinal plants. Arch Sci 66:100–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdo BM, Asaminew G, Mieso B, Sisay W (2018) Chemotypic characterization and antioxidant activities of Rosemarinus officinalis essential oil from Ethiopian Cultivars. Med Aromat Plants 7:325. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams RP (2007) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 4th edn. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream

    Google Scholar 

  • Alipour M, Saharkhiz MJ (2016) Phytotoxic activity and variation in essential oil content and composition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) during different phenological growth stages. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 7:271–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angelina N, Laura D, Benedetti I, Marchioni CC (2019) High throughput measure of diversity in cytoplasmic and nuclear traits for unraveling geographic distribution of rosemary. Ecol Evol 9:3728–3739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angioni A, Barra A, Cereti E, Barile D, Coisson JD, Arlorio M, Dessi S, Coroneo V, Cabras P (2004) Chemical composition, plant genetic differences, antimicrobial and antifungal activity investigation of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. J Agric Food Chem 52(11):3530–3535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold N, Valentini G, Bellomaria B, Laouer H (1997) Comparative study of the essential oils from Rosmarinus eriocalyx Jordan and Fourr from Algeria and R. officinalis L. from other countries. J Essent Oil Res 9:167–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bajalan I, Ghasemi PA (2014) Variation in antibacterial activity and chemical compositions of essential oil from different populations of myrtle. Ind Crops Prod 61:303–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beemnet MK (2016) Production study of herbs, aromatic plants and essential oils. A report submitted to Chamber of Commerce, p 53

  • Begum A, Sandhya S, Ali SS, Vinod KR, Reddy S, Banji D (2013) An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). Acta Sci Pol Technol 12(1):61–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendif H, Boudjeniba M, Miara MD, Biqiku L, Bramucci M, Caprioli G, Lupidi G, Quassinti L, Sagratini G, Vitali LA (2017) Rosmarinus eriocalyx: an alternative to Rosmarinus officinalis L. as a source of antioxidant compounds. Food Chem 218:78–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boutekedjiret C, Bentahar F, Belabbes R, Bessiere J (2003) Extraction of rosemary essential oil by steam distillation and hydro-distillation. Flav Fragr J 18:481–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrubba A, Abbate L, Sarno M, Sunseri F, Mauceri A, Lupini A, Mercati F (2020) Characterization of sicilian rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) germplasm through a multidisciplinary approach. Planta 251:37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03327-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalchat JC, Garry RP, Michet A, Benjilali B, Chabart J (1993) Essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The chemical composition of oils of various origins (Morocco, Spain, France). J Essent Oil Res 5:613–618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalvin C, Drevensek S, Chollet C, Gilard F, Sˇolić EM, Dron M, Abdelhafid B, Adnane B, Amandine C (2021) Study of the genetic and phenotypic variation among wild and cultivated clary sages provides interesting avenues for breeding programs of a perfume, medicinal and aromatic plant. PLoS ONE 16(7):e0248954. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cioni PL, Flamini G, Buti CC, Ceccarini L, Macchia M (2006) Composition and yield of the essential oil from whole plant: leaves and branches of Rosmarinus officinalis L. growing in minor islands of ‘Parco Nazionale dell’Arcipelago Toscano.’ Acta Hortic 723:255–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox TS, Murphy JP, Rodgers DM (1986) Changes in genetic diversity in the red winter wheat regions of the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5583–5586. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.15.5583

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elamrani A, Saadia Z, Bachir B, Mohamed B (2000) A study of moroccan Rosemary oils. J Essent Oil Res 12:487–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flamini G, Cioni PL, Morelli I, Macchia M, Ceccarini L (2002) Main agronomic-productive characteristics of two ecotypes of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and chemical composition of their essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 50:3512–3517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier G, Habib J, Reguigui A, Safta F, Guetari S, Chemli R (1989) Study of different samples of the essential oil of tunisian rosemary. Plantes Med Phytother 23:180–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galmés J, Flexas J, Keys AJ, Cifre J, Mitchell RA, Madgwick PJ, Haslam RP, Medrano H, Parry MA (2005) Rubisco specificity factor tends to be larger in plant species from drier habitats and in species with persistent leaves. Plant Cell Environ 28:571–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guopeng L, Claudio C, Barbara R, Alona S, Nativ D (2015) Volatile diversity in wild populations of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from the Tyrrhenian Sea vicinity cultivated under homogeneous environmental conditions. Ind Crops Prod 84:381–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurbuz B, Bagdat RB, Uyanik M, Rezaeieh KAP (2016) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) cultivation studies under Ankara ecological conditions. Ind Crops Prod 88:12–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyorgy Z, Incze N, Pluhar Z (2020) Differentiating Thymus vulgaris chemotypes with ISSR molecular markers. Biochem Syst Ecol 92:104118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2020.104118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadian J, Bigdeloo M, Nazeri V, Khadivi-Khub A (2014) Assessment of genetic and chemical variability in Thymus caramanicus. Mol Biol Rep 41:3201–3210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadipour M, Kazemitabar SK, Yaghini H, Dayani S (2020) Genetic diversity and species differentiation of medicinal plant Persian Poppy (Papaver bracteatum L.) using AFLP and ISSR markers. Ecol Genet Genomic 16:100058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egg.2020.100058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamrick JL, God MJW (1989) Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Brown, A.H.D., Clegg, M.T., Kahler, A.L., Weir, B.S. (Eds.), Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp. 43e63, Evol. Biol. 7:1-144

  • Herrera J (2005) Flower size variation in Rosmarinus officinalis: individuals, populations and habitats. Ann Bot 59:431–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood V, Skoula M (1999) The MEDUSA Network: conservation and sustainable use of wild plants of the Mediterranean region. In: Janick J (ed) Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 148–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiremath C, Philip R, Sundaresan V (2021) Molecular characterization of India Ginseng Withania somnifera (L) using ISSR markers. Mol Biol Rep 48:3971–3977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06397-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoxha S, Shariflou MR, Sharp P (2004) Evaluation of genetic diversity in albanian maize using SSR markers. Maydica 49:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Iman B, Razieh R, Abdollah GP, Filippo M (2018) Quali-quantitative variation of essential oil from iranian rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) accessions according to environmental factors. J Essent Oil Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2017.1380542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaccard P (1908) Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bull Soc Vaud Sci Nat 44:223–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamshidi R, Afzali Z, Afzali D (2009) Chemical composition of hydro distillation essential oil of rosemary in different origins in Iran and comparison with other countries. A Eur J Agri Environ Sci 5:78–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jose G, Segarra M, Yolanda A, Carrion M, Maris CC, Maria JM, Patricio GF (2015) Ecological and historical determinants of population genetic structure and diversity in the Mediterranean shrub Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). Bot J Linn 180:50–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khanuja SP, Shasany AK, Darokar M, Sushil K (1999) Rapid isolation of DNA from dry and fresh samples of plants producing large amounts of secondary metabolites and essential oils. Plant Mol Biol Rep 17:74. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007528101452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khorshidi J, Mohammadi R, Fakhr T, Nourbakhsh H (2009) Influence of drying methods, extraction time, and organ type on essential oil content of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Nat Sci 7:42–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakušić DV, Ristić MS, Slavkovska VN, Šinžar- Sekulić JB, Lakušić BS (2012) Environment-related variations of the composition of the essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in the Balkan Penninsula. Chem Biodivers 9:1286–1302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange M, Turke M, Pašalić E, Boch S, Hessenmoller D, Muller J, Prati D, Socher SA, Fischer M, Weisser WW (2014) Effects of forest management on ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in Central Europe are mainly mediated by changes in forest structure. For Ecol Manag 329:166–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Cervelli C, Ruffoni B, Shachter A, Dudai N (2016) Volatile diversity in wild populations of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from the Tyrrhenian Sea vicinity cultivated under homogeneous environmental conditions. Ind Crops Prod 84:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.02.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marić S, Bede M, Martinčić J, Guberac V (1998) Variability of some winter wheat traits from breeding process. Sjemenarstvo 15:421–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Mena P, Cirlini M, Tassotti M, Herrlinger KA, Dall’Asta C, Del Rio D (2016) Phytochemical profiling of flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and volatile fraction of a rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract. Molecules 21:1576. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miguel MG, Guerrero C, Rodrigues H, Brito J (2007) Essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L., effect of harvesting dates, growing media and fertilizers. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS international conference on energy, environment, ecosystems and sustainable development, Agios Nikolaos, Greece, 2007, July 24–26

  • Munda S, Saikia RJ, Begum T, Bhandari S, Gogoi A, Sarma N, Tamang R, Lal M (2022) Evaluation of genetic diversity based on microsatellites and phytochemical markers of core collection of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt Germplasm. Plants 11:528. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Namita PS, Sonah H, Singh SP, Sharma TR (2013) Genetic diversity analysis of marigold (Tagetes sp) genotypes using RAPD and ISSR markers. Indian J Agric Sci 83(5):484–490

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napoli EM, Curcuruto G, Ruberto G (2010) Screening of the essential oil composition of wild sicilian rosemary. Biochem Syst Ecol 38:659–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orive ME (2001) Somatic mutations in organisms with complex life histories. Theor Popul Biol 59:235–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palevits PD, Yaniv Z (1991) Medicinal plants of the holy land. Tammuz Publisher Ltd., USA

  • Paterson AH, Tanksley SD, Sorrells ME (1991) DNA markers in plant improvement. Adv Agron 46:39–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy MP, Sarla N, Siddiq EA (2002) Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism and its application in plant breeding. Euphytica 128:9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-Santos R, Carvalho-Cost D, Cavaleiro C, Costa SH, lbuquerque GT, Castilho CM, Ramos F, Melo RN, Sanches- Silva A (2015) A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L). Trends Food Sci Technol 5:355–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf FJ (2000) NTSYS-pc: numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, Version 2.2. Exeter Software, Setauket, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh D, Nitzan N, Chaimovitsh D, Shachter A, Ghanim M, Dudai N (2019) Interactive effects of genotype, seasonality and extraction method on chemical compositions and yield of essential oil from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L). Ind Crops Prod 138:111419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saghir K, Abdelwahd R, Iraqi D, Lebkiri N, Gaboun F, El Goumi Y, Ibrahimi M, Abbas Y, Diria G (2022) Assessment of genetic diversity among wild rose in Morocco using ISSR and DAMD markers. J J Genet Eng Biotechnol 20:150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-022-00425-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad M, Khan SH, Khan AS (2011) Exploitation of germplasm for grain yield improvement in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Int J Agric Biol 13:695–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyal P, Jones TH, Lopez EM, McFeeters RL, Ali NAA, Mansi I, Setzer WN (2017) Chemotypic characterization and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Foods 6:2–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segarra-Moragues JG, Gleiser G (2009) Isolation and characterization of di and trinucleotide microsatellite loci in Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), using enriched genomic libraries. Conserv Genet 10:571–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segarra-Moragues JG, Carrio´n Marco Y, Castellanos MC, Molina MJ, Garcı´a-Fayos P (2015) Ecological and historical determinants of population genetic structure and diversity in the Mediterranean shrub Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). Bot J Linn Soci 180:50–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shalika R, Srijana M, Smita K, Vinod B, Rakshak K, Rakesh K (2022) Seasonal variability in essential oil composition and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. accessions in the western Himalaya. Sci Rep 12:3305. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07298-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma Y, Schaefer J, Streicher C, Stimson J, Fagan J (2020) Qualitative analysis of essential oil from french and italian varieties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in the midwestern United States. Anal Chem Lett 10:104–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh M, Guleria N (2013) Influence of harvesting stage and inorganic and organic fertilizers on yield and oil composition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in a semi-arid tropical climate. Ind Crops Prod 42:37–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JSC, Chin ECL, Shu H, Smith OS, Wall SJ, Senior ML, Mitchell SE, Kresovich S, Ziegle J (1997) An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L); comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree. Theor Appl Genet 95:163–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tigrine-Kordjani N, Chemat F, Meklati B, Tuduri L, Giraudel J, Montury M (2007) Relative characterization of rosemary samples according to their geographical origins using microwave-accelerated distillation, solidphase microextraction and Kohonen self-organizing maps. Anal Bioanal Chem 389:631–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomi K, Kitao M, Konishi N, Murakami H, Matsumura Y et al (2016) Enantioselective GC–MS analysis of volatile components from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils and hydrosols. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 80:840–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma RS, Rahman LU, Mishra S, Verma RK, Chauhan A, Singh A (2011) Changes in essential oil content and composition of leaf and leaf powder of Rosmarinus officinalis cv. CIM-Hariyali during storage. Maejo Int J Sci Technol 5:181–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinu V, Singh N, Vasudev S (2013) Assessment of genetic diversity in Brassica juncea (Brassicaceae) genotypes using phenotypic differences and SSR markers. Rev de Biol Trop 61:1919–1934

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaouali Y, Mohamed B (2008) Isozyme markers and volatiles in tunisian Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae): a comparative analysis of population structure. Biochem Syst Ecol 36:11–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaouali Y, Messaoud C, Boussaid M (2003) Diversité génétique des populations naturelles de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) en Tunisie. Ecol Mediterr 29:199–216

  • Zaouali Y, Bouzaine T, Boussaid M (2010) Essential oils composition in two Rosmarinus officinalis L. varieties and incidence for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. FCT 48:3144–3152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaouali Y, Chograni H, Trimech R, Boussaid M (2012) Genetic diversity and population structure among Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) varieties: var. typicus Batt. And var. Troglodytorum Maire. Based on multiple traits. Ind Crops Prod 38:166–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zewdinesh DZ, Bizuayehu TA, Tesfaye DB (2021) Analysis of genetic diversity in rosemary (Salvia rosemarinus Schleid.) using SSR molecular marker for its management and sustainable use in ethiopian gene bank. Genet Resour Crop Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00984-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zia ZU, Sadaqata HA, Tahira MHN, Sadiab BM, Bushmanc BS, Holed D, Ichaels L, Malike W (2017) Estimation of genetic diversity using SSR markers in sunflower. Russ J Genet 50:498–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zsuzsanna G, Norbert I, Zsuzsanna P (2020) Differentiating Thymus vulgaris chemotypes with ISSR molecular markers. Biochem Syst Ecol 92:104

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Director CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow for their continuous support to carry out research.

Funding

This study was conducted as part of the CSIR-Aroma Mission-II (HCP-0007) programme.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Divisional Unit, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resource Conservation, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, 560065, India

    M. R. Swamy Gowda, K. Arpitha, K. Gamyashree, K. N. Prabhu & Channayya Hiremath

  2. Divisional Unit, Phytochemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Hyderabad, India

    A. Niranjana Kumar & K. V. N. Satya Srinivas

Authors
  1. M. R. Swamy Gowda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Arpitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Gamyashree
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. N. Prabhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Niranjana Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. K. V. N. Satya Srinivas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Channayya Hiremath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Channayya Hiremath.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

No approval is required for the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 504 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gowda, M.R.S., Arpitha, K., Gamyashree, K. et al. Chemical and molecular diversity of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus L.) clones. Genet Resour Crop Evol 71, 2003–2018 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01758-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01758-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation