Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify heavy metal pollution for environmental assessment of soil quality using a flexible approach based on multivariate analysis. The study was conducted using 241 soil samples collected from agricultural, urban and rangeland areas in northwestern Iran. The heavy metals causing soil pollution (SP) in the study area were determined. The efficiency of principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminate analysis (DA) were compared to identify the critical heavy metals causing SP. Fourteen soil pollution indices were developed using non-linear and linear scoring equations and different integration methods. The indices were validated using the integrated pollution and potential ecological risk indices and by comparing their ability to detect soil pollution risk levels. Chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were identified as the significant pollutant elements using PCA, and the main pollutant elements identified using DA comprised cadmium (Cd), Zn and Pb. DA yielded a better data set for indexing SP and indicated high pollution risks for Cd > Pb > Zn. Sources of heavy metals were reliably identified using PCA, variation assessment and interrelationship evaluation of soil variables. Cr, nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) were found to have geogenic sources, and anthropogenic sources controlled the accumulation of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in soil. Linear function and additive integration were the best scoring and integrating methods for indexing HMP. The multivariate analysis provided a reliable and rapid method for indexing and mapping soil HMP.
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Abbreviations
- ADS:
-
Anthropogenic data set
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- CEC:
-
Cation exchange capacity
- Co:
-
Cobalt
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- Cu:
-
Copper
- CV:
-
Coefficient of variation
- DA:
-
Discriminant analysis
- DF:
-
Discriminate function
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- \( {E}_r^i \) :
-
Ecological risk factor
- GDS:
-
Geogenic data set
- HMP:
-
Heavy metal pollution
- HPDS:
-
High pollutant data set
- IPI:
-
Integrated pollution index
- LSD:
-
Least significant difference
- MDS:
-
Minimum data set
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Pb:
-
Lead
- PC:
-
Principal component
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PI:
-
Pollution index
- RI:
-
Potential ecological risk index
- SOC:
-
Soil organic carbon
- SP:
-
Soil pollution
- SPI:
-
Soil pollution index
- TDS:
-
Total data set
- Zn:
-
Zinc
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Askari, M.S., Alamdari, P., Chahardoli, S. et al. Quantification of heavy metal pollution for environmental assessment of soil condition. Environ Monit Assess 192, 162 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8116-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8116-6