Abstract
As non-biodegradable single-use plastic packaging products have been restricted in recent years, paper-based materials have attracted considerable attention owing to their environmental benefits. However, the hydrophilic nature of paper-based materials limits their application as replacements for non-biodegradable plastics. In this study, an environmentally friendly and multifunctional superhydrophobic paper was developed using silane-modified superhydrophobic nanofibrillated cellulose (M-NFC) via a simple spraying method. This paper can reduce the white pollution caused by non-degradable single-use plastic packaging products. Upon spraying the base paper with 1.5 g/m2 of M-NFC, the coated paper (CP) exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of 160°), water repellency (Cobb value of 7.5 g/m2), strong durability to sandpaper abrasion, finger-wipe, bending, folding, and sustained exposure to corrosion media (HCl with a pH of 1, NaOH with a pH of 10, high temperature treatment at 180 °C, and ultraviolet irradiation). Additionally, the CP surface directly prevented the adhesion of S. aureus and E. coli and also indirectly repelled solid contaminants upon washing with water, thereby demonstrating highly efficient antibacterial and anti-fouling properties. The durable and multifunctional superhydrophobic paper developed in this study provides a novel direction for solving white pollution and also presents a new research pathway for the potential applications of paper-based materials.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahankari SS, Subhedar AR, Bhadauria SS, Dufresne A (2021) Nanocellulose in food packaging: a review. Carbohydr Polym 255:117479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117479
Baidya A, Ganayee MA, Jakka Ravindran S, Tam KC, Das SK, Ras RHA, Pradeep T (2017) Organic solvent-free fabrication of durable and multifunctional superhydrophobic paper from waterborne fluorinated cellulose nanofiber building blocks. ACS Nano 11:11091–11099. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05170
Chen S, Song Y, Xu F (2018) highly transparent and hazy cellulose nanopaper simultaneously with a self-cleaning superhydrophobic surface. Acs Sustain Chem Eng 6:5173–5181. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04814
Hu F, Zeng J, Cheng Z, Wang X, Wang B, Zeng Z, Chen K (2021) Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) produced by different mechanical methods to improve mechanical properties of recycled paper. Carbohydr Polym 254:117474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117474
Jing X, Li X, Jiang Y, Lou J, Liu Z, Ding Q, Han W (2022) Degradable collagen/sodium alginate/polyvinyl butyral high barrier coating with water/oil-resistant in a facile and effective approach. Carbohydr Polym 278:118962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118962
Kang L et al (2020) Degradable dual superlyophobic lignocellulosic fibers for high-efficiency oil/water separation. Green Chem 22:504–512. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03861b
Kong LH, Chen XH, Yu LG, Wu ZS, Zhang PY (2015) Superhydrophobic cuprous oxide nanostructures on phosphor-copper meshes and their oil-water separation and oil spill cleanup. Acs Appl Mater Interfaces 7:2616–2625. https://doi.org/10.1021/am507620s
Lakshmi RV, Bera P, Anandan C, Basu BJ (2014) Effect of the size of silica nanoparticles on wettability and surface chemistry of sol–gel superhydrophobic and oleophobic nanocomposite coatings. Appl Surf Sci 320:780–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.09.150
Leventis N, Chidambareswarapattar C, Bang A, Sotiriou-Leventis C (2014) Cocoon-in-web-like superhydrophobic aerogels from hydrophilic polyurea and use in environmental remediation. Acs Appl Mater Interfaces 6:6872–6882. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500685k
Li Z, Rabnawaz M (2018) Fabrication of food-safe water-resistant paper coatings using a melamine primer and polysiloxane outer layer. ACS Omega 3:11909–11916. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01423
Li J, Xu C, Zhang Y, Wang R, Zha F, She H (2016) Robust superhydrophobic attapulgite coated polyurethane sponge for efficient immiscible oil/water mixture and emulsion separation. J Mater Chem A 4:15546–15553. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07535e
Li Y, Li B, Zhao X, Tian N, Zhang J (2018) Totally waterborne, nonfluorinated, mechanically robust, and self-healing superhydrophobic coatings for actual anti-icing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:39391–39399. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b15061
Li W, Wang S, Wang W, Qin C, Wu M (2019) Facile preparation of reactive hydrophobic cellulose nanofibril film for reducing water vapor permeability (WVP) in packaging applications. Cellulose 26:3271–3284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02270-x
Li A et al (2021) Preparation methods and research progress of superhydrophobic paper. Coord Chem Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214207
Liu C, Mei C, Xu B, Jiang M, Chen W, Zhou G, Wang K (2019) Effect of the nanosilica content in the shell of coextruded wood-plastic composites to enhance the ultraviolet aging resistance. Polym Adv Technol 30:162–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4454
Ma X, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Tian S, Li X, Fan H, Fu S (2022) Superhydrophobic and deacidified cellulose/CaCO3-derived granular coating toward historic paper preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 207:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.179
Mendoza AI, Moriana R, Hillborg H, Strömberg E (2019) Super-hydrophobic zinc oxide/silicone rubber nanocomposite surfaces. Surf Interfaces 14:146–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2018.12.008
Pego MFF, Bianchi ML, Yasumura PK (2020) Nanocellulose reinforcement in paper produced from fiber blending. Wood Sci Technol 54:1587–1603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01226-w
Qin C, Wang W, Li W, Zhang S, Li Z (2021) Developing bagasse towards superhydrophobic coatings. Cellulose 28:3617–3630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03743-8
Razavi SMR et al (2019) Environment-friendly antibiofouling superhydrophobic coatings. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:14509–14520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02025
Shahsavan H, Salili SM, Jakli A, Zhao B (2017) Thermally active liquid crystal network gripper mimicking the self-peeling of gecko toe pads. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604021
Shi C et al (2019) Fabrication of transparent and superhydrophobic nanopaper via coating hybrid SiO2/MWCNTs composite. Carbohydr Polym 225:115229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115229
Tian P, Guo Z (2017) Bioinspired silica-based superhydrophobic materials. Appl Surf Sci 426:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.134
Wang N, Xiong D, Pan S, Deng Y, Shi Y, Wang K (2016) Superhydrophobic paper with superior stability against deformations and humidity. Appl Surf Sci 389:354–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.110
Wang S, Gao W, Chen K, Xiang Z, Zeng J, Wang B, Xu J (2018) Deconstruction of cellulosic fibers to fibrils based on enzymatic pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 267:426–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.067
Xu L, Tong F, Lu X, Lu K, Lu Q (2015) Multifunctional polypyrene/silica hybrid coatings with stable excimer fluorescence and robust superhydrophobicity derived from electrodeposited polypyrene films. J Mater Chem C 3:2086–2092. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc02653e
Yang J, Li H, Lan T, Peng L, Cui R, Yang H (2017) Preparation, characterization, and properties of fluorine-free superhydrophobic paper based on layer-by-layer assembly. Carbohydr Polym 178:228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.040
Yang G et al (2021) Comparison of effects of sodium chloride and potassium chloride on spray drying and redispersion of cellulose nanofibrils suspension. Nanomaterials-Basel. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020439
Zhang X, Wang L, Levänen E (2013) Superhydrophobic surfaces for the reduction of bacterial adhesion. Rsc Adv. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra40497h
Zhang K, Yang X, Zhu N, Wang Z-C, Yan H (2017a) Environmentally benign paints for superhydrophobic coatings. Colloid Polym Sci 295:709–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-017-4053-5
Zhang S, Huang J, Chen Z, Lai Y (2017b) Bioinspired special wettability surfaces: from fundamental research to water harvesting applications. Small. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201602992
Zhang F, Li A, Zhao W (2021) Analysis of the acid and alkali resistance of superhydrophobic paper mulch. Cellulose 28:8705–8718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04065-5
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31870566), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (Grant No. ZR2020QE097), Jinan Innovation Team (Grant No. 2021GXRC023), and Taishan Scholars Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MY: Data curation, Writing—original draft. SW and X-XJ: Writing—review & editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition. ZT: Data curation, Conceptualization, Supervision. DW and XC: Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ye, M., Tian, Z., Wang, S. et al. Simple preparation of environmentally friendly and durable superhydrophobic antibacterial paper. Cellulose 30, 2427–2440 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04957-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04957-0