Abstract
Nanomaterials can be engineered with distinctive properties for their use in agriculture, environment, medicine, cosmetics and household commodities. Nonetheless, knowledge on the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials is actually limited, and their potential adverse effects should not be overlooked. In particular, it is important to understand the dynamics and mechanism of nanotoxicity. Toxicity of engineered nanomaterials arises mainly from their ability to produce reactive oxygen species, their ease of absorption and distribution into various tissues, and their kinetics of elimination from the human body. Therefore, toxicity mechanisms should be tested in model biological systems, with focus on properties such as size, shape, surface modification, composition, and aggregation. Here we review the fundamentals of nanotoxicity, methods to assess the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials, approaches to reduce toxicity during synthesis, and prospects of engineered nanomaterials in nanomedicine.
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Abbreviations
- AMPK:
-
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein-1
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BBB:
-
Blood–brain-barrier
- CTAB:
-
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
- DCFH-DA:
-
Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
- EPR:
-
Enhanced permeability and retention
- ENMs:
-
Engineered nanomaterials
- GI tract:
-
Gastrointestinal tract
- GSH-Px:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GO:
-
Graphene oxides
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MTS:
-
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
- MTT:
-
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- MWCNTs:
-
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- NAD:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- nano-SAR:
-
Nano-structure activity relationship
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- QSARs:
-
Quantitative structure–activity relationships
- QSTR:
-
Quantitative structure–toxicity relationship
- QTTR:
-
Quantitative toxicity–toxicity relationship
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotubes
- TiO2 :
-
Titanium dioxide
- TLRs:
-
Toll-like receptors
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- WST-1:
-
2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
- XTT:
-
2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
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Acknowledgements
NPN and HKD acknowledge the support of Japan Science and Technology (JST) Agency, Japan toward Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science (Sakura Exchange Program). HKD also appreciates the Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC) in the School of Sciences, RMIT University, Australia for an ‘Honorary Visiting Research Fellowship.’
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Patel, G., Patra, C., Srinivas, S.P. et al. Methods to evaluate the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials for biomedical applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 4253–4274 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01280-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01280-1