Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The influence of pulse-like ground motion caused by the directivity effect on landslide triggering

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract  

Earthquake-induced landslides threaten human lives, infrastructure, and the environment. In 2016, the Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake caused widespread landslides. These landslides are mostly concentrated in the Aso area, which is in the forward direction of the fault rupture. Meanwhile, some pulse-like ground motion (PLGM) was identified in this area. To elucidate the reason for these landslides in the Mw 7.1 event, we propose two assumptions: (1) The velocity pulse of PLGM is the critical factor in triggering landslides. (2) In the forward direction of fault rupture, the area with significant PLGM caused by the directivity effect corresponds with the widespread landslides area. In this study, first, the velocity pulse of the identified PLGM is extracted and analyzed. Then, to validate the first assumption, the slope failure under different ground motions is analyzed by the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). Additionally, to validate the second assumption, the ground motions induced by the Mw 7.1 are simulated by the finite difference method (FDM). Moreover, the association between the distribution of ground motion parameters and widespread landslides is analyzed. As a result, this study indicates that the velocity pulse with larger energy contributes significantly to landslides. Moreover, this study also validates the distinctive directivity effect in the Mw 7.1 event, which induces numerous PLGM and further increases the probability of landslides. Furthermore, the simulated ground motion parameters are more significant in the widespread landslides area. These results greatly support the two assumptions. This study provides an approach for slope stability analysis considering PLGM caused by the directivity effect. It is anticipated that the study can be greatly beneficial to potential landslide prediction in near-fault areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data used to support the study is all included in the article.

References  

  • Antwi Buah P, Zhang Y, He J, Yu P, Xiang C, Fu H, He Y, Liu J (2023) Evaluating the dynamic response and failure process of a rock slope under pulse-like ground motions. Geomat Nat Hazards Risk 14:2167613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoi S, Fujiwara H (1999) 3D finite-difference method using discontinuous grids. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89:918–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoi S, Honda R, Morikawa N, Sekiguchi H, Suzuki H, Hayakawa Y, Kunugi T, Fujiwara H (2008) Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of long-period ground motions for the 2003 Tokachi-oki, Japan, earthquake. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 113(B7)

  • Arias A (1970) A measure of earthquake intensity. Seism Des Nucl Power Plants 438–483

  • Asano K, Iwata T (2016) Source rupture processes of the foreshock and mainshock in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence estimated from the kinematic waveform inversion of strong motion data. Earth Planets Space 68:147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker JW (2007) Quantitative classification of near-fault ground motions using wavelet analysis. Bull Seismol Soc Am 97:1486–1501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertero VV, Mahin SA, Herrera RA (1978) A seismic design implications of near-fault San Fernando earthquake records. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 6:31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray JD, Rodriguez-Marek A (2004) Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:815–828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerjan C, Kosloff D, Kosloff R, Reshef M (1985) A nonreflecting boundary condition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equations. Geophysics 50:705–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Z, Sun X, Zhai C, Zhao JX, Xie L (2016) An improved energy-based approach for selecting pulse-like ground motions. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 45:2405–2411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Xia M, Thuy DT, Zhang Y (2021) A possible mechanism of earthquake-induced landslides focusing on pulse-like ground motions. Landslides 18:1641–1657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dadfar B, El Naggar MH, Nastev M (2018) Vulnerability of buried energy pipelines subject to earthquake-triggered transverse landslides in permafrost thawing slopes. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 9:04018015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dang K, Sassa K, Fukuoka H, Sakai N, Sato Y, Takara K, Quang LH, Loi DH, Van Tien P, Ha ND (2016) Mechanism of two rapid and long-runout landslides in the 16 April 2016 Kumamoto earthquake using a ring-shear apparatus and computer simulation (LS-RAPID). Landslides 13:1525–1534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dang P, Cui J, Liu Q (2022) Parameter estimation for predicting near-fault strong ground motion and its application to Lushan earthquake in China. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 156:107223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorum T, Fan X, van Westen CJ, Huang RQ, Xu Q, Tang C, Wang G (2011) Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Geomorphology 133:152–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graves RW (1996) Simulating seismic wave propagation in 3D elastic media using staggered-grid finite differences. Bull Seismol Soc Am 86:1091–1106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Havenith H-B, Torgoev A, Braun A, Schlögel R, Micu M (2016) A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors. Geoenviron Disasters 3:6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung C, Lin G-W, Syu H-S, Chen C-W, Yen H-Y (2018) Analysis of the Aso-Bridge landslide during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes in Japan. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:1439–1449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung C, Liu C-H, Lin G-W, Leshchinsky B (2019) The Aso-Bridge coseismic landslide: a numerical investigation of failure and runout behavior using finite and discrete element methods. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:2459–2472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jampole E, Miranda E, Deierlein G (2018) Effective incremental ground velocity for estimating the peak sliding displacement of rigid structures to pulse-like earthquake ground motions. J Eng Mech 144:04018113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayabali K, Beyaz T (2011) Strong motion attenuation relationship for Turkey—a different perspective. Bull Eng Geol Environ 70:467–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo H, Suzuki W, Aoi S, Sekiguchi H (2016) Source rupture processes of the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquakes estimated from strong-motion waveforms. Earth Planets Space 68:161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagerlöf RO (1974) Interpolation with rounded ramp functions. Commun ACM 17:476–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lashgari A, Jafarian Y, Haddad A (2021) Predictive model for seismic sliding displacement of slopes subjected to pulse-like motions. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:6563–6582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Xiang C, Wang Q, Xu P, Fu H (2021) Hazard assessment of earthquake-induced landslides by using permanent displacement model considering near-fault pulse-like ground motions. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:8503–8518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Fu H, Zhang Y, Xu P, Hao R, Yu H, He Y, Deng H, Zheng L (2023a) Effects of the probability of pulse-like ground motions on landslide susceptibility assessment in near-fault areas. J Mt Sci 20:31–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zeng Y, Xiang C, Fu H, Yu H, He Y (2023b) Predictive displacement models considering the probability of pulse-like ground motions for earthquake-induced landslides hazard assessment. J Earthq Eng 0:1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey C, Townsend D, Rathje E, Allstadt KE, Lukovic B, Kaneko Y, Bradley B, Wartman J, Jibson RW, Petley DN, Horspool N, Hamling I, Carey J, Cox S, Davidson J, Dellow S, Godt JW, Holden C, Jones K, Kaiser A, Little M, Lyndsell B, McColl S, Morgenstern R, Rengers FK, Rhoades D, Rosser B, Strong D, Singeisen C, Villeneuve M (2018) Landslides triggered by the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. New Zealand Bull Seismol Soc Am 108:1630–1648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda N, Watanabe K, Miyabuchi Y (2004) Rhyolite to dacite lava flows newly-discovered on the western Slope of Aso central cones, Southwestern Japan. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 49:119–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Meunier P, Hovius N, Haines AJ (2007) Regional patterns of earthquake-triggered landslides and their relation to ground motion. Geophys Res Lett 34(20)

  • Moore JDP, Yu H, Tang C-H, Wang T, Barbot S, Peng D, Masuti S, Dauwels J, Hsu Y-J, Lambert V, Nanjundiah P, Wei S, Lindsey E, Feng L, Shibazaki B (2017) Imaging the distribution of transient viscosity after the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake. Science 356:163–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morikawa DS, Asai M (2022) A phase-change approach to landslide simulations: Coupling finite strain elastoplastic TLSPH with non-Newtonian IISPH. Comput Geotech 148:104815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukunoki T, Kasama K, Murakami S, Ikemi H, Ishikura R, Fujikawa T, Yasufuku N, Kitazono Y (2016) Reconnaissance report on geotechnical damage caused by an earthquake with JMA seismic intensity 7 twice in 28 h, Kumamoto, Japan. Soils Found 56:947–964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark NM (1965) Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Géotechnique 15:139–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nozu A, Nagasaka Y (2017) Rupture process of the main shock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake with special reference to damaging ground motions: waveform inversion with empirical Green’s functions. Earth Planets Space 69:22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papathanassiou G, Valkaniotis S, Ganas A (2021) Spatial patterns, controlling factors, and characteristics of landslides triggered by strike-slip faulting earthquakes: case study of Lefkada island. Greece Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:3747–3765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petukhin A, Kawase H, Nagashima F, Ito E (2023) Characterized source model of the M7.3 2016 Kumamoto earthquake by the 3D reciprocity GFs inversion with special reference to the velocity pulse at KMMH16. Earth Planets Space 75:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitarka A, Irikura K, Iwata T, Sekiguchi H (1998) Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88:428–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quaranta G, Angelucci G, Mollaioli F (2022) Near-fault earthquakes with pulse-like horizontal and vertical seismic ground motion components: Analysis and effects on elastomeric bearings. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 160:107361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salinas-Jasso JA, Montalvo-Arrieta JC, Velasco-Tapia F (2022) Spatial patterns of shallow landslides induced by the 19 September 2017 Puebla-Morelos earthquake. Mexico Bull Eng Geol Environ 82:15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahi SK, Baker JW (2014) An efficient algorithm to identify strong-velocity pulses in multicomponent ground motions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 104:2456–2466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi G, Goodman RE (1989) Generalization of two-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis for forward modelling. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 13:359–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda M, Miyata Y, Kurokawa U, Kondo K (2019) Regional landslide susceptibility following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake using back-calculated geomaterial strength parameters. Landslides 16:1497–1516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somerville PG (2003) Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Phys Earth Planet Inter 137:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song K, Wang F, Dai Z, Iio A, Osaka O, Sakata S (2019) Geological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Mt. Aso volcano, Japan. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:167–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spudich P, Rowshandel B, Shahi SK, Baker JW, Chiou BS-J (2014) Comparison of NGA-West2 directivity models. Earthq Spectra 30:1199–1221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi Y (2016) Asahi Shimbun aerial photo. https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASJ4N3R27J4NULBJ00F.html. Accessed 20 Sep 2023

  • Tanaka M, Asano K, Iwata T, Kubo H (2014) Source rupture process of the 2011 Fukushima-ken Hamadori earthquake: how did the two subparallel faults rupture? Earth Planets Space 66:101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatard L, Grasso JR (2013) Controls of earthquake faulting style on near field landslide triggering: The role of coseismic slip. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 118:2953–2964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uchide T, Horikawa H, Nakai M, Matsushita R, Shigematsu N, Ando R, Imanishi K (2016) The 2016 Kumamoto-Oita earthquake sequence: aftershock seismicity gap and dynamic triggering in volcanic areas. Earth Planets Space 68:180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Specht S, Ozturk U, Veh G, Cotton F, Korup O (2019) Effects of finite source rupture on landslide triggering: the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake. Solid Earth 10:463–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Nie G, Wang D (2010) Relationships between ground motion parameters and landslides induced by Wenchuan earthquake. Earthq Sci 23:233–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J-H (2010) Seismic landslide simulations in discontinuous deformation analysis. Comput Geotech 37:594–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang C, Zhang Y, Huang D, Ueda K, Fu H, Liu J, Zhao L (2023) Predictive model for seismic displacements of flexible sliding block subjected to near-fault pulse-like ground motions. Eng Geol 320:107134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu C, Ma S, Tan Z, Xie C, Toda S, Huang X (2018) Landslides triggered by the 2016 Mj 7.3 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Landslides 15:551–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi Y, Okuwaki R, Enescu B, Kasahara A, Miyakawa A, Otsubo M (2016) Rupture process of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in relation to the thermal structure around Aso volcano. Earth Planets Space 68:118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai C, Chang Z, Li S, Chen Z, Xie L (2013) Quantitative identification of near-fault pulse-like ground motions based on energy. Bull Seismol Soc Am 103:2591–2603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Chen G, Wu Y, Jiang H (2016) Stochastic ground-motion simulations for the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Earth Planets Space 68:184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Chen S, Wang T, Wu F (2022a) Study on correlation between ground motion parameters and soil slope seismic response. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81:226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Liu J, Cheng Q, Xiao L, Zhao L, Xiang C, Buah PA, Yu H, He Y (2022b) A new permanent displacement model considering pulse-like ground motions and its application in landslide hazard assessment. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 163:107556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Wang J, Xu Q, Chen G, Zhao, John, Zheng L, Han Z, Yu P (2015) DDA validation of the mobility of earthquake-induced landslides. Eng Geol 194:38–51

  • Zhao T, Zhao B (2021) A modified algorithm to identify the strongest velocity pulse in three orthogonal components of ground motions. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 146:106749

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We appreciate the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) for providing GMS software. Additionally, we appreciate NIED, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), and the Kumamoto prefectural government for providing the ground motion observation data in the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake.

Funding

This study was supported by JST SPRING (Grant Number JPMJSP2136) and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number JP19KK0121).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Zhiyuan Li, Guangqi Chen, Zishuang Han, Hemanta Hazarika & Chaofan Feng

  2. School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China

    Guangqi Chen

  3. The State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China

    Mingyao Xia

Authors
  1. Zhiyuan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guangqi Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zishuang Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hemanta Hazarika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mingyao Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chaofan Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guangqi Chen.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, Z., Chen, G., Han, Z. et al. The influence of pulse-like ground motion caused by the directivity effect on landslide triggering. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 48 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03514-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03514-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation