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Cellular and molecular changes associated with competence acquisition during passion fruit somatic embryogenesis: ultrastructural characterization and analysis of SERK gene expression

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Abstract

The integration of cellular and molecular data is essential for understanding the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of competence by plant somatic cells and the cytological changes that underlie this process. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics and fate of Passiflora edulis Sims cotyledon explants that were committed to somatic embryogenesis by characterizing the associated ultrastructural events and analysing the expression of a putative P. edulis ortholog of the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor-like Kinase (SERK) gene. Embryogenic calli were obtained from zygotic embryo explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine. Callus formation was initiated by the division of cells derived from the protodermal and subprotodermal cells on the abaxial side of the cotyledons. The isodiametric protodermal cells of the cotyledon explants adopted a columnar shape and became meristematic at the onset of PeSERK expression, which was not initially detected in explant cells. Therefore, we propose that these changes represent the first observable steps towards the acquisition of a competent state within this regeneration system. PeSERK expression was limited to the early stages of somatic embryogenesis; the expression of this gene was confined to proembryogenic zones and was absent in the embryos after the globular stage. Our data also demonstrated that the dynamics of the mobilization of reserve compounds correlated with the differentiation of the embryogenic callus.

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Abbreviations

SE:

Somatic embryogenesis

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Viveiros Flora Brasil Ltda. (Araguari, MG, Brazil) for kindly providing Passiflora edulis seeds. This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científicoa e Tecnológico (CNPq) (Brazil), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Brazil), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

Author contributions

MCD and WCO designed the research; DIR, LMV and DLPP established the embryogenic cultures; DIR and FAOT performed the light and transmission electron microscopy analyses; DLPP and MCD performed the in situ hybridization analysis; DIR, DLPP, MCD and WCO wrote the paper.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil

      Diego Ismael Rocha & Marcelo Carnier Dornelas

    2. Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, Pisa, TC, 56127, Italy

      Daniela Lopes Paim Pinto

    3. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

      Lorena Melo Vieira & Wagner Campos Otoni

    4. Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil

      Francisco André Ossamu Tanaka

    5. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil

      Wagner Campos Otoni

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    Correspondence to Wagner Campos Otoni.

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    Handling Editor: Peter Nick

    Diego Ismael Rocha and Daniela Lopes Paim Pinto contributed equally to this work.

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    Rocha, D.I., Pinto, D.L.P., Vieira, L.M. et al. Cellular and molecular changes associated with competence acquisition during passion fruit somatic embryogenesis: ultrastructural characterization and analysis of SERK gene expression. Protoplasma 253, 595–609 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0837-y

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