Abstract
All species interact in complex antagonistic or mutualistic networks that may be driven by turnover in species composition due to spatiotemporal environmental filtering. Therefore, studying differences in insect communities along environmental gradients may improve our understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors that shape the structure of trophic networks. Parasitoids are interesting models to do so, due to their intimate eco-evolutionary relationship with their hosts. We explored the differences in cereal aphid–parasitoid food webs during the winter among nine localities in Chilean central-south valley, along a gradient of 1200 km from north (29° S) to south (40° S). We hypothesized that diapause incidence would increase in the coldest areas, resulting in a lower number of parasitoid species active during the winter. Consequently, network specialization, generality, and vulnerability indexes should increase with decreasing latitude, which implies fewer and more weakly connected links per parasitoid species through an increased fraction of basal host species. Based on the severity of winter, three areas along the explored gradient were distinguished, but clustering did not follow a clear north–south latitudinal gradient. Instead, few differences were observed in overwintering strategies, with very low levels of diapause in all localities, and no major differences in food-web composition. The major differences along the gradient were the relative abundances of the different aphid, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid species, with higher levels of spatial and temporal variation observed for the less abundant species. Our results provide a better understanding of the activity and abundance of aphid parasitoids during winter in relation to climatic conditions.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Cinthya Villegas, Sebastian Ortiz-Martinez and Rubén Palma-Millanao for their assistance with the field work, to Nuri Cabrera who helped with the laboratory procedures, and to Abdhiel Bustamante-Navarrete for helping us with drawing the maps. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and suggestions.
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AAT received a doctoral grant from Talca University (Chile). This study was funded by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) under Regular Grant No. 1180601, which was granted to BL. JKAB was funded by the ANID-PFCHA/BECAS DE DOCTORADO NACIONAL/2018-21181816. Travel grants were funded by the Marie Curie APHIDWEB project, 10254/2014. BL and AAT thank ANID/PIA/ACT192027 for the funding provided during the writing of the manuscript. KT was funded by the F.R.S.-FNRS.
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AAT, JVB, BL and CLL conceived the ideas and designed the methodology; AAT, JKAB, and JVB collected the data; AAT, KT and CLL analyzed the data; AAT wrote the first draft. All the authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave their final approval for publication.
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Alfaro-Tapia, A., Alvarez-Baca, J.K., Tougeron, K. et al. Composition and structure of winter aphid–parasitoid food webs along a latitudinal gradient in Chile. Oecologia 200, 425–440 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05270-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05270-0