Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism disorder in patients hospitalized due to acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with poor outcome. The association is even stronger in non-diabetic patients compared to the diabetics. Poor outcome of patients with elevated parameters of carbohydrate metabolism may be associated with negative impact of these disorders on left ventricular (LV) function. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of admission glycemia on LV systolic function in acute phase and 6 months after myocardial infarction in STEMI patients treated with primary angioplasty, without carbohydrate disorders. The study group consisted of 52 patients (9 female, 43 male) aged 35–74 years, admitted to the Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, due to the first STEMI treated with primary coronary angioplasty with stent implantation, without diabetes in anamnesis and carbohydrate metabolism disorders diagnosed during hospitalization. Echocardiography was performed in all patients in acute phase and 6 months after MI. Plasma glucose were measured at hospital admission. In the subgroup with glycemia ≥7.1 mmol/l, in comparison to patients with glycemia <7.1 mmol/l, significantly lower ejection fraction (EF) was observed in acute phase of MI (44.4 ± 5.4 vs. 47.8 ± 6.3 %, p = 0.04) and trend to lower EF 6 months after MI [47.2 ± 6.5 vs. 50.3 ± 6.3 %, p = 0.08 (ns)]. Higher admission glycemia in patients with STEMI and without carbohydrate metabolism disturbances, may be a marker of poorer prognosis resulting from lower LV ejection fraction in the acute phase and in the long-term follow-up.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Velazquez EJ, Francis GS, Armstrong PW, Aylward PE, Diaz R, O’Connor CM, White HD, Henis M, Rittenhouse LM, Kilaru R, van Gilst W, Ertl G, Maggioni AP, Spac J, Weaver WD, Rouleau JL, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, Califf RM, VALIANT registry (2004) An international perspective on heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction complicating myocardial infarction: the VALLIANT Registry. Eur Heart J 25:1911–1919
Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D (1993) The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham study. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(4):6A–13A
Oh JK (2007) Echocardiography in heart failure: beyond diagnosis. Eur J Echocardiogr 8:4–14
Cintron G, Johnson G, Francis G, Cobb F, Cohn JN (1993) Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 87(6 Suppl):VI17–VI23
Weir A, McMurray J, Velazquez E (2006) Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, clinical characteristics, prognostic importance. Am J Cardiol 97:13–25
Cleland J, Torabi A, Khan N (2005) Epidemiology and management of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the aftermath of a myocardial infarction. Heart 91(Suppl 2):ii7–ii13
Kümler T, Gislason G, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C (2010) Persistence of the prognostic importance of left ventricular systolic function and heart failure after myocardial infarction: 17-year follow-up of the TRACE register. Eur J Heart Fail 12:805–811
Shaw LJ, Peterson ED, Kesler K, Hasselblad V, Califf RM (1996) A metaanalysis of predischarge risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction with stress electrocardiographic, myocardial perfusion, and ventricular function imaging. Am J Cardiol 78:1327–1337
Korup E, Kober L, Poulsen S (1999) Prognostic usefulness of repeated echocardiographic evaluation after acute myocardial infarction. TRACE Study Group. TRAndolapril cardiac evaluation. Am J Cardiol 83:1559–1562
Hamdan A, Kornowski R, Solodky A, Fuchs S, Battler A, Assali AR (2006) Predictors of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with first acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty. Isr Med Assoc J 8(8):532–535
Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC (2000) Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 355(9206):773–778
Zuanetti G, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Santoro L, Franzosi MG (1993) Influence of diabetes on mortality in acute myocardial infarction: date from GISSI - 2 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 22(7):1788–1794
Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S (1999) The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 22:233–240
Wong VW, Ross DL, Park K, Boyages SC, Cheung NW (2004) Hyperglycemia: still an important predictor of adverse outcomes following AMI in the reperfusion era. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 64(2):85–91
Straumann E, Kurz DJ, Muntwyler J, Stettler I, Furrer M, Naegeli B, Frielingsdorf J, Schuiki E, Mury R, Bertel O, Spinas GA (2005) Admissionglucose concentrations independently predict early and late mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 150(5):1000–1006
Stranders I, Diamant M, van Gelder RE, Spruijt HJ, Twisk JW, Heine RJ, Visser FC (2004) Admission blood glucose level as risk indicator of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 164(9):982–988
Sanjuán R, Núñez J, Blasco ML, Miñana G, Martínez-Maicas H, Carbonell N, Palau P, Bodí V, Sanchis J (2011) Prognostic implications of stress hyperglycemia in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Prospective observational study. Rev Esp Cardiol 64(3):201–207
Wahab NN, Cowden EA, Pearce NJ, Gardner MJ, Merry H, Cox JL, ICONS investigators (2002) Is blood glucose an independent predictor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era? J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1748–1754
Kadri Z, Danchin N, Vaur L, Cottin Y, Gueret P, Zeller M, Lablanche JM, Blanchard D, Hanania G, Genes N, Cambou JP; USIC 2000 Investigators (2005) Major impact of admission glycaemia on 30 day Coronary Syndrome Study Investigators. Acute hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era. Am Heart J 150(4):814–820
Ishihara M, Kojima S, Sakamoto T, Asada Y, Tei C, Kimura K, Miyazaki S, Sonoda M, Tsuchihashi K, Yamagishi M, Ikeda Y, Shirai M, Hiraoka H, Inoue T, Saito F, Ogawa H; Japanese Acute Coronary Syndrome Study (JACSS) Investigators (2005) Acute hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era. Am Heart J 150:814–820
Ishihara M, Kojima S, Sakamoto T, Kimura K, Kosuge M, Asada Y, Tei C, Miyazaki S, Sonoda M, Tsuchihashi K, Yamagishi M, Shirai M, Hiraoka H, Honda T, Ogata Y, Ogawa H. Japanese Acute Coronary Syndrome Study (JACSS) Investigators (2009) Comparison of blood glucose values on admission for acute myocardial infarction in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 104(6):769–774
Timmer JR, Van der Horst IC, Ottervanger JP, Henriques J, Hoorntje J, de Boer M, Suryapranata H, Zijlstra F (2004) Prognostic value of admission glucose in nondiabetic patients with myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 148:399–404
Meisinger C, Hormann A, Heier M, Kuch B, Lowel H (2006) Admission blood glucose and adverse outcomes in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era. Int J Cardiol 113:229–235
AinlaT Baburin A, Teesalu R, Rahu M (2005) The association between hyperglycemia on admission and 180-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes. Diabet Med 22:1321–1325
Norhammar A, Ryden L, Malmberg K (1999) Admission plasma glucose. Independent risk factor for long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction even in non-diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 22:1827–1831
Monteiro S, Monteiro P, Goncalves F, Freitas M, Providencia LA (2010) Hyperglycemia at admission in acute coronary syndrome patients: prognostic value in diabetics and non-diabetics. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 17(2):155–159
Tenerz A, Nilson G, Forberg R, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K, Berne C, Leppert J (2003) Basal glucometabolic status has an impact on long-term prognostic following an acute myocardial infarction in non-diabetic patients. J Intern Med 254:494–503
American Diabetes Association (2012) Standards of medical care in diabetes 2012. Diabetes Care 35(suppl. 1):S11–S63
Schiller N, Shah P, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, Gutgesell H, Reichek N, Sahn D, Schnittger I (1989) Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiograph 2:358–367
Yousef ZR, Redwood SR, Marber MS (2000) Postinfarction left ventricular remodeling: where are the theories and trials leading us? Heart 83(1):76–80
Ishihara M, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, Shimatani Y, Kurisu S, Nishioka K, Umemura T, Nakamura S, Yoshida M (2003) Impact of acute hyperglycemia on left ventricular function after reperfusion therapy in patients with a first anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 146(4):674–678
Kosuge M, Kimura K, Ishikawa T, Shimizi T, Hibi K, Toda N, Tahara Y, Kanna M, Tsukahara K, Okuda J, Nozawa N, Umemuyra S (2005) Persistent hyperglycemia is associated with left ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 69(1):23–28
Gąsior M, Pres D, Stasik-Pres G, Lech P, Gierlotka M, Hawranek M, Wilczek K, Szyguła-Jurkiewicz B, Lekston A, Kalarus Z, Strojek K, Gumprecht J, Poloński L (2008) Effect of blood glucose levels on prognosis in acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes, undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiol J 15(5):422–430
Bauters C, Ennezat PV, Tricot O, Lauwerier B, Lallemant R, Saadouni H, Quandalle P, Jaboureck O, Labmblin N, Le Tourneau T, REVE Investigators (2007) Stress hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of left ventricular remodeling after first anterior myocardial infarction in non-diabetic patients. Eur Heart J 28(5):546–552
Pitsavos Ch, Chrysohoou Ch, Aggelopoulos P, Skoumas J, Tsiamis E, Panagiotakos D, Stefanadis Ch (2010) Serum glucose level at hospital admission correlates with left ventricular systolic dysfunction in nondiabetic, acute coronary patients: the Hellenic Heart Failure Study. Heart Vessels 25:209–216
Salmasi AM, Frost P, Dancy M (2006) Is glycated haemoglobin a sensitive index to identify left ventricular dysfunction 2 months after acute myocardial infarction in normotensive subject? Int J Cardiol 110(1):67–73
Sinnaeve PR, Steg PG, Fox KA, Van de Werf F, Montalescot G, Granger CB, Knobel E, Anderson FA, Dabbous OH, Avezum A, GRACE Investigators (2009) Association of elevated fasting glucose with increased short-term and 6-month mortality in ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Arch Intern Med 169(4):402–409
Cruz-Gonzales I, Chia S, Raffel O, Sanchez-Ledesma M, Senatore F, Wackers F, Nathan D, Jang I (2010) Hyperglycemia on admission predicts larger infarct size in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Diab Res Clin Pract 88:97–102
Eitel I, Hintze S, de Waha S, Fuernau G, Lurz P, Desch S, Schuler G, Thiele H (2012) Prognostic impact of hyperglycemia in nondiabetic and diabetic patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: insights from contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5:708–718
Jensen CJ (2011) Impact of hyperglycemia at admission in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction as assessed by contrast-enhanced MRI. Clin Res Cardiol 100(8):649–659
Risso A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, Damante G, Ceriello A (2001) Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E924–E930
Mulvihill N, Foley J (2002) Inflammation in acute coronary syndromes. Heart 87(3):201–204
Oswald GA, Smith CC, Delamothe AP (1988) Raised concentrations of glucose and adrenaline and increased in vivo platelet activation after myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 59:663–671
Ceriello A (1997) Acute hyperglycemia and oxidative stress generation. Diabet Med 14:S45–S49
Oliver MF, Opie LH (1994) Effects of glucose and fatty acids on myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias. Lancet 343(8890):155–158
Iwakura K, Ito H, Ikushima M, Kawano S, Okamura A, Asano K, Kuroda T, Tanaka K, Masuyama T, Hori M, Fujii K (2003) Association between hyperglycemia and the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(1):1–7
Shen XH, Jia SQ, Li HW (2006) The influence of admissionglucose on epicardial and microvascular flow after primary angioplasty. Chin Med J (Engl) 119(2):95–102
Abdelmoneim S, Hagen M, Mendrick E, Pattan V, Wong B, Norby B, Roberson T, Szydel T, Basu R, Basu A, Mulvagh S (2013) Acute hyperglycemia reduces myocardial blood flow reserve and the magnitude of reduction is associated with insulin resistance: a study in nondiabetic humans using contrast echocardiography. Heart Vessels 28(6):757–768
Acknowledgments
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no financial or other relationships that could lead to a conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gierach, J., Gierach, M., Świątkiewicz, I. et al. Admission glucose and left ventricular systolic function in non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels 31, 298–307 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-014-0610-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-014-0610-8