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How aquatic water-beetle larvae with small chambered eyes overcome challenges of hunting under water

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Abstract

A particularly unusual visual system exists in the visually guided aquatic predator, the Sunburst Diving Beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). The question arises: how does this peculiar visual system function? A series of experiments suggests that their principal eyes (E1 and E2) are highly specialized for hunting. These eyes are tubular and have relatively long focal lengths leading to high image magnification. Their retinae are linear, and are divided into distinct green-sensitive distal and UV and polarization-sensitive proximal portions. Each distal retina, moreover, has many tiers of photoreceptors with rhabdomeres the long axis of which are peculiarly oriented perpendicular to the light path. Based on detailed optical investigations, the lenses of these eyes are bifocal and project focused images onto specific retinal tiers. Behavioral experiments suggest that these larvae approach prey within their eyes’ near-fields, and that they can correctly gauge prey distances even when conventional distance-vision mechanisms are unavailable. In the near-field of these eyes object distance determines which of the many retinal layers receive the best-focused images. This retinal organization could facilitate an unusual distance-vision mechanism. We here summarize past findings and discuss how these eyes allow Thermonectus larvae to be such successful predators.

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Abbreviations

PR:

Proximal retina

DR:

Distal retina

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Buschbeck lab group for helpful discussions. Drs. Tiffany Cook and Ilya Vilinsky provided valuable intellectual and editorial feedback. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants IOS0545978 and IOS1050754 to EKB.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA

    Annette Stowasser & Elke K. Buschbeck

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  1. Annette Stowasser
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Correspondence to Elke K. Buschbeck.

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Stowasser, A., Buschbeck, E.K. How aquatic water-beetle larvae with small chambered eyes overcome challenges of hunting under water. J Comp Physiol A 200, 911–922 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-014-0944-9

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