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Promoting Magnusiomyces spicifer AW2 Cell-Bound Lipase Production by Co-culturing with Staphylococcus hominis AUP19 and Its Application in Solvent-Free Biodiesel Synthesis

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Abstract

Yeast-bacterium interaction has recently been investigated to benefit the production of cell-bound lipases (CBLs). Staphylococcus hominis AUP19 supported the growth of Magnusiomyces spicifer AW2 in a palm oil mill effluent (POME) medium to produce CBLs through a bioremediation approach, including oil and grease (O&G) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals. This research used the yeast-bacterium co-culture to optimize CBLs and cell biomass (CBM) productions through bioremediation using the statistical Plackett–Burman design and response surface methodology-central composite design. The CBLs were finally applied in biodiesel synthesis. The CBM of 13.8 g/L with CBLs activity at 3391 U/L was achieved after incubation at room temperature (RT, 30 ± 2 °C) for 140 h in 50% POME medium, pH 7.0, containing 1.23% (w/v) ammonium sulfate. Bacterium promoted yeast growth to achieve bioremediation with 87.9% O&G removal and 84.5% COD removal. Time course study showed that the CBLs activity was highest at 24 h cultivation (4103 U/L) and retained 80% and 60% of activities at 4 °C and RT after 5 weeks of storage. The CBLs application successfully yielded 77.3% biodiesel from oleic acid (esterification) and 86.4% biodiesel from palm oil (transesterification) within 72 h in solvent-free systems. This study highlights that yeast-bacterium co-culture and POME should receive more attention for potential low-cost CBLs production through bioremediation, i.e., O&G and COD removals, while the CBLs as biocatalysts are promising for significant contribution to an effective strategy for economic green biodiesel production.

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Data Availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its Supplementary Materials. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code Availability

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Abbreviations

BSM:

Basal standard medium

CBL/s:

Cell-bound lipase/s

CBM:

Cell biomass

CCD:

Central composite design

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

ECL/s:

Extracellular lipase/s

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

GA:

Gum arabic

NA:

Nutrient agar

NB:

Nutrient broth

OFAT:

One factor at a time

O&G:

Oil and grease

PBD:

Plackett–Burman design

POME:

Palm oil mill effluent

RSM:

Response surface methodology

RT:

Room temperature (30 ± 2 °C)

TKN:

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

YMA:

Yeast malt agar

YMB:

Yeast malt broth

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Research and Development Office and the Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, and the Thailand Research Fund for funding and grant support. The first author is grateful to the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology for providing the Ph.D. scholarship.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Research and Development Office (Contract No. AGR5111990069S) and the Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, Fiscal Year 2021, the Thailand Research Fund under Grant No. RTA6280014, and the Overseas Postgraduate Scholarship Program 2019 from the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Program of Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand

    Fidia Fibriana & Apichat Upaichit

  2. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, 50229, Indonesia

    Fidia Fibriana

  3. Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand

    Apichat Upaichit & Benjamas Cheirsilp

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  1. Fidia Fibriana
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. FF: performed data curation, visualization, investigation, analysis, and writing-original draft. AU: conceptualized the experimental design, constructed the methodology section, main supervision, funding acquisition, manuscript review, and editing. BC: contributed to comments, advising, manuscript review and editing, as well as the funding acquisition. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Apichat Upaichit.

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Fibriana, F., Upaichit, A. & Cheirsilp, B. Promoting Magnusiomyces spicifer AW2 Cell-Bound Lipase Production by Co-culturing with Staphylococcus hominis AUP19 and Its Application in Solvent-Free Biodiesel Synthesis. Curr Microbiol 80, 307 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03394-x

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