Abstract
In this study, radiata pine wood was impregnated with furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin and radially compressed at compression ratios (CRs) of 17%, 33%, and 50%, respectively, to improve the acoustic and viscoelastic performance. The optimum CR was selected by analyzing the properties of FA-densified modified woods with different CRs. The storage modulus and loss factors of the FA-densified modified woods with CRs of 17%, 33%, and 50% were better than those of fretboard wood. The fretboard wood had an extremely high dynamic modulus of elasticity (D′\(\ge\) 16.22 GPa) and dynamic shear modulus (G′\(\ge\) 2.23 GPa). The D′ and G′ of the FA-densified modified wood with a CR of 50% were 25.44 GPa and 4.08 GPa, respectively, which are better than those of the fretboard wood. The common fretboard wood had a low sound velocity (υ), small specific dynamic elastic modulus (\({E}_{sp}\)), small sound radiation coefficient (R), and low acoustic conversion efficiency (ACE), along with a high acoustic impedance (ω) and high sound quality factor (Q−1). The values of υ, \({E}_{sp}\), R, ACE, ω, and Q−1 of the FA-densified modified wood with a CR of 50% were 4563 m/s, 19.9 GPa, 3.49 m3 Pa−1 s−3, 253, 5.70 106 (Pa s m−1), and 13.80 \(\times\) 10−3, respectively, meeting the performance requirements for fretboards and demonstrating the potential to replace fretboard wood in fretboard manufacturing. This research promotes the application of a fast-growing plantation wood for the manufacture of musical instruments and provides a good platform for its high-value utilization.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.
References
Ahmed SA, Adamopoulos S (2018) Acoustic properties of modified wood under different humid conditions and their relevance for musical instruments. Appl Acoust 140:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.05.017
Ahvenainen P (2019) Anatomy and mechanical properties of woods used in electric guitars. IAWA J 40(1):106-S106
Aramaki M, Baillères H, Brancheriau L et al (2007) Sound quality assessment of wood for xylophone bars. J Acoust Soc Am 121(4):2407–2420. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2697154
Baysal E, Ozaki SK, Yalinkilic MK (2004) Dimensional stabilization of wood treated with furfuryl alcohol catalysed by borates. Wood Sci Technol 38(6):405–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-004-0248-2
Bennett BC (2016) The sound of trees: wood selection in guitars and other chordophones. Econ Bot 70(1):49–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-016-9336-0
Blomberg J, Persson B, Blomberg A (2005) Effects of semi-isostatic densification of wood on the variation in strength properties with density. Wood Sci Technol 39(5):339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-005-0290-8
Blomberg J, Persson B, Bexell U (2006) Effects of semi-isostatic densification on anatomy and cell-shape recovery on soaking. Holzforschung 60(3):322–331. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2006.052
Brancheriau L, Baillères H (2002) Natural vibration analysis of clear wooden beams: a theoretical review. Wood Sci Technol 36(4):347–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-002-0143-7
Brancheriau L, Baillères H, Détienne P et al (2006) Classifying xylophone bar materials by perceptual, signal processing and wood anatomy analysis. Ann for Sci 63(1):73–81
Brémaud I (2012) Acoustical properties of wood in string instruments soundboards and tuned idiophones: biological and cultural diversity. J Acoust Soc Am 131(1):807–818. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3651233
Brémaud I, Amusant N, Minato K et al (2011) Effect of extractives on vibrational properties of african padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub). Wood Sci Technol 45(3):461–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0337-3
Brémaud I, El Kaïm Y, Guibal D et al (2012) Characterisation and categorisation of the diversity in viscoelastic vibrational properties between 98 wood types. Ann For Sci 69(3):373–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0166-z
Buchelt B, Dietrich T, Wagenführ A (2014) Testing of set recovery of unmodified and furfurylated densified wood by means of water storage and alternating climate tests. Holzforschung 68(1):23–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0049
Bucur V (2016) Handbook of materials for string musical instruments. Springer, New York, pp 189–191
Bucur V (2017) Acoustics of wood. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 174–184
Deka M, Saikia CN (2000) Chemical modification of wood with thermosetting resin: effect on dimensional stability and strength property. Bioresour Technol 73(2):179–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00167-4
Dietrich T, Buchelt B, Wagenführ A (2014) Modified wood as substitude for ebony in musical instruments In: 7th European conference on wood modification, Lisbon.
Dong Y, Yan Y, Zhang S et al (2015) Flammability and physical–mechanical properties assessment of wood treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano-SiO2. Eur J Wood Product 73(4):457–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0896-y
Dong Y, Ma E, Li J et al (2020) Thermal properties enhancement of poplar wood by substituting poly (furfuryl alcohol) for the matrix. Polym Compos 41(3):1066–1073. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25438
Ehmcke G, Pilgard A, Koch G et al (2017) Topochemical analyses of furfuryl alcohol modified radiata pine (Pinus radiata) by UMSP, light microscopy and SEM. Holzforschung 71(10):821–831. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0219
Esteves B, Pereira H (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. BioResources 4(1):370–404
Furuno T, Imamura Y, Kajita H (2004) The modification of wood by treatment with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin: a properties enhancement with neutralized phenolic-resin and resin penetration into wood cell walls. Wood Sci Technol 37(5):349–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0176-6
Gore T (2011) Wood for guitars proceedings of meetings on acoustics 61ASA. Acoust Soc Am 12(1):035001
Haines DW (2000) The essential mechanical properties of wood prepared for musical instruments. Catgut Acoust Soc J 4(2):20–32
Hansen HJ (2006) Acoustic studies on wood. Univ Canterb School Forestry 18–33
Hassan KTS, Tippner J (2019) Acoustic properties assessment of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) wood from trees irrigated with secondarily treated wastewater. BioResources 14(2):2919–2930
Hearmon RFS (1958) The influence of shear and rotatory inertia on the free flexural vibration of wooden beams. Br J Appl Phys 9(10):381
Jansson E, Molin NE, Sundin H (1970) Resonances of a violin body studied by hologram interferometry and acoustical methods. Phys Scr 2(6):243. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2/6/002
Jebrane M, Harper D, Labbe N, Sebe G (2011) Comparative determination of the grafting distribution and viscoelastic properties of wood blocks acetylated by vinyl acetate or acetic anhydride. Carbohydr Polym 84(4):1314–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.026
Jiang J, Lu J, Zhao Y et al (2010) Influence of frequency on wood viscoelasticity under two types of heating conditions. Drying Technol 28(6):823–829
Kong L, Guan H, Wang X (2018) In situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in poplar wood for improved dimensional stability and flame retardancy. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(3):3349–3357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03518
Krüger R, Zauer M, Wagenführ A (2018) Physical properties of native and thermally treated european woods as potential alternative to indian rosewood for the use in classical guitars. Eur J Wood Product 76(6):1663–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-018-1345-5
Kumar S (1994) Chemical modification of wood. Wood Fiber Sci 26(2):270–280
Kutnar A, Kamke FA, Sernek M (2009) Density profile and morphology of viscoelastic thermal compressed wood. Wood Sci Technol 43(1):57–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0198-1
Laine K, Rautkari L, Hughes M (2013) The effect of process parameters on the hardness of surface densified Scots pine solid wood. Eur J Wood Product 71(1):13–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0649-0
Li W, Liu M, Wang H et al (2021) The furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin distribution in the furfurylated bamboo. Holzforschung 75(2):187–194. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0007
Liu M, Peng L, Lyu S, Lyu J (2020) Properties of common tropical hardwoods for fretboard of string instruments. J Wood Sci 66(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-020-01862-7
Liu M, Guo F, Wang H et al (2020) Highly stable wood material with low resin consumption via vapor phase furfurylation in cell walls. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(37):13924–13933. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03172
Liu M, Lyu S, Cai L et al (2021) Performance improvement of radiata pine wood by combining impregnation of furfuryl alcohol resin and densification for making fretboard materials. Ind Crops Prod 172:114029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114029
Liu M, Lyu S, Peng L et al (2022) Study on properties of radiata pine wood treated with furfuryl alcohol as fretboard materials for string instruments. Eur J Wood Product 80(5):1185–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01829-z
Mantanis GI (2017) Chemical modification of wood by acetylation or furfurylation: a review of the present scaled-up technologies. BioResources 12(2):4478–4489
Miao Y, Qin L, Liu Z et al (2018) Effects of furfurylation on acoustic vibration performance of Paulownia wood. BioResources 13(3):6850–6867
Navi P, Girardet F (2000) Effects of thermo-hydro-mechanical treatment on the structure and properties of wood. Holzforschung 54(3):287–293. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2000.048
Obataya E, Shibutani S (2005) Swelling of acetylated wood in organic solvents. J Mater Sci 40(15):4113–4115
Obataya E, Ono T, Norimoto M (2000) Vibrational properties of wood along the grain. J Mater Sci 35(12):2993–3001. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004782827844
Ou R, Xie Y, Wang Q et al (2014) Thermoplastic deformation of poplar wood plasticized by ionic liquids measured by a nonisothermal compression technique. Holzforschung 68(5):555–566. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0136
Paté A, Le Carrou JL, Fabre B (2013) Ebony vs rosewood: experimental investigation about the influence of the fingerboard on the sound of a solid body electric guitar. In: Proceedings of the Stockholm musical acoustics conference (SMAC), Stockholm (Sweden) 182–187
Pfriem A, Dietrich T, Buchelt B (2012) Furfuryl alcohol impregnation for improved plasticization and fixation during the densification of wood. Holzforschung 66:215–218. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2011.134
Rowell RM (2013) Acoustical properties of acetylated wood. J Chem Chem Eng 7(9):834–841
Shirmohammadi M, Faircloth A, Redman A (2020) Determining acoustic and mechanical properties of australian native hardwood species for guitar fretboard production. Eur J Wood Prod 78(6):1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01599-6
Shirmohammadi M, Faircloth A, Redman A (2021) Assessment of sound quality: australian native hardwood species for guitar fretboard production. Eur J Wood Prod 79(2):487–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01631-9
Sproßmann R, Zauer M, Wagenführ A (2017) Characterization of acoustic and mechanical properties of common tropical woods used in classical guitars. Results Physics 7:1737–1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.05.006
Stanciu MD, Curtu I, Mocanu T (2014) Mechanical behavior of guitar neck under simple bending stress analyzed with finite elements method. Appl Mech Mater 658:225–230
Torres JA, Torres-Martínez R (2015) Evaluation of guitars and violins made using alternative woods through mobility measurements. Arch Acoust 40(3):351–358. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2015-0038
Tu D (1983) Ironwood violin fretboard and its coloring method. Musical Instrum 4:10–11 (In Chinese)
Wang X, Tu D, Chen C et al (2021) A thermal modification technique combining bulk densification and heat treatment for poplar wood with low moisture content. Constr Build Mater 291:123395
Wang J, Yang T, Zhang S et al (2022) Application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a toughening agent in wood furfurylation. Holzforschung 76(4):380–390. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021-0144
Wang Y, Wu Y, Yang F et al (2022) A highly transparent compressed wood prepared by cell wall densification. Wood Sci Technol 56(2):669–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01372-3
Wegst UGK (2006) Wood for sound. Am J Bot 93(10):1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.10.1439
Wegst UGK (2008) Bamboo and wood in musical instruments. Annu Rev Mater Res 38:323–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.38.060407.132459
Wei L, McDonald AG, Stark NM (2015) Grafting of bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) onto cellulose via in situ reactive extrusion with dicumyl peroxide. Biomacromolecules 16(3):1040–1049. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00049
Yang T, Ma E, Cao J (2019) Synergistic effects of partial hemicellulose removal and furfurylation on improving the dimensional stability of poplar wood tested under dynamic condition. Ind Crops Prod 139:111550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111550
Yano H, Furuta Y, Nakagawa H (1997) Materials for guitar back plates made from sustainable forest resources. J Acoust Soc Am 101(2):1112–1119. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418016
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support from doctoral research start-up fee of Northwest A & F University (Grant No. 2452022123).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ML: Data curation, Investigation, Visualization, writing the original draft. SL: Methodology and investigation. LC: Writing—review & editing. YL: Review & Editing. LP: Writing—review & editing. LY: Resources, Supervision, Data curation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. JL: Resources, Supervision, Data curation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, M., Lyu, S., Cai, L. et al. Acoustic and viscoelastic properties of string instrument fretboards made of radiata pine by densification and impregnation with furfuryl alcohol resin. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 82, 285–297 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02001-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02001-x