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Use of Organic and Biological Fertilizers as Strategies to Improve Crop Biomass, Yields and Physicochemical Parameters of Soil

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Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production

Abstract

Interest in the sustainability of soil resources has been stimulated by increasing concerns that soil is one of the most critical components of the earth’s biosphere, participating in food production and management maintenance of environmental quality. In arid and semiarid regions, oases appear to be a major threat model in the soil component. The palm plantations contribute to the formation of oasis ecosystems by promoting the creation of a suitable microclimate for the development of underlying crops and offsetting the effects of drought. These ecosystems play key roles in multiple socioeconomic and environmental issues. Nevertheless, they remain fragile and undergo impacts of human and/or natural origins permanently such as extreme temperatures, soil salinity, drought, erosion, and low contents in organic matter and native fertility. In order to ensure good yields, farmers use an intensive amount of chemical fertilizer, but it can have detrimental effects on soil. In this chapter, we will focus on the improvement of the biomass and yield of different agricultural crops – i.e., cereals (wheat, corn), vegetable crops (lettuce, tomato, leek), leguminous (alfalfa), and trees (date palm) – in field via the enrichment of soil by setting up an efficient biological protocol integrating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), PGPR, and/or organic soil conditioners resulting from green waste, phosphogypsum, phosphate wash sludge, and agro-industrial poultry waste manure. Our results confirmed the advantages of various biological and organic fertilizers in improving the biomass and yields for different crops. The combination of AMF and compost green waste appeared to be interesting for the improvement of the growth, mineral nutrition, and physiological and water parameters of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Furthermore, the combination of low dose (5%, 10%) and indigenous AMF is clearly beneficial for the growth of alfalfa and tomato under a greenhouse. Concerning the experiments carried out in the field, it confirmed the advantages of biological and organic fertilizers in improving the yield for leguminous (alfalfa), vegetable crops (lettuce, tomato, and leek), and cereals (wheat). Application of the tripartite combination AMF-PGPR compost was more efficient in increasing the yield of the tested plants. Indeed, biological treatments had an important effect on the physicochemical properties of the soil. Finally, we have elucidated the positive impacts of biofertilizers used and the interest of adopting the innovative practices improving soil fertility, preserving water resources, respecting the environment, and ensuring the development of sustainable organic agriculture.

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Abbreviations

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

F:

Mycorrhizal frequency

Foa:

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis

MPN:

Most probable number

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

GWDL:

Grass waste and dead leaves

GWSP:

Grass waste and sludge of phosphate

OCOMWWG:

Olive cake, olive oil mill wastewater, and garbage

PGGW:

Phosphogypsum and green waste

PMGW:

Poultry manure and green waste

R:

Stomatal resistance

RWC:

Relative water content

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TKN:

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by Socially Responsible Projects, Cadi Ayyad University UCAM/RSU 2018 Morocco to Abdelilah Meddich Ph.D., PPR2/2016/42, CNRST, Morocco to Khalid Oufdou Ph.D., and KAKENHI Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (15H02486) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences and by a Grant for Promotion of KAAB Projects (Niigata University) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan, to Toshiaki Mitsui, Ph.D.

We thank the Urban Municipality of Marrakesh (Morocco) for the use of composting platform.

This work was also partly supported by the r4d project ‘‘Application of organic bio-fertilizer technology to improve the sustainability of date palm production and cultivation” with the grand number IZ07Z0_160904 funded by the r4d program, the Swiss Program for Research on global Issues for Development, a partnership of the Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Swiss National Science Foundation. Colleagues who have contributed to our thinking to set up some experiments include Paul Mäder Ph.D., Sarah Symanczik Ph.D. (project fertile date palm, Fibl, Switzerland), and Mohamed Hafidi Ph.D. (Ecology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Marrakesh, Morocco).

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  1. Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco

    Abdelilah Meddich, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Anas Raklami, Abdelilah Tahiri, Raja Ben-Laouane, Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar, Mohamed Anli & Said Wahbi

  2. Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco

    Khalid Oufdou, Anas Raklami & Abdelilah Tahiri

  3. Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan University, Niigata, Japan

    Toshiaki Mitsui & Marouane Baslam

  4. Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan

    Toshiaki Mitsui

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    Ram Swaroop Meena

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Meddich, A. et al. (2020). Use of Organic and Biological Fertilizers as Strategies to Improve Crop Biomass, Yields and Physicochemical Parameters of Soil. In: Meena, R. (eds) Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8660-2_9

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